@miguelito21,
Quote:Gar Alperovitz, Robert L. Messer, Barton J. Bernstein in International Security, Vol. 16, No. 3
Gar Alperovitz is an extremely notorious liar. He is even worse than Zinn.
Zinn only makes things up and then claims they are true. Alperovitz actually twists people's words around and presents them in misleading contexts in order to make it look like there is actual evidence for his fraudulent scenarios.
Quote:in the late summer of 1945 President Truman and his top advisers were aware that use of the atomic bomb was no longer necessary to avoid an invasion. In his recent survey of the literature on the bomb decision, J. Samuel Walker, chief historian of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, concludes:
"Careful scholarly treatment of the records and manuscripts opened over the past few years has greatly enhanced our understanding of why the Truman administration used atomic weapons against Japan. Experts continue to disagree on some issues, but critical questions have been answered. The consensus among scholars is that the bomb was not needed to avoid an invasion of Japan.... It is clear that alternatives to the bomb existed and that Truman and his advisers knew it."
That
might be a quote from his first edition, but it's not what his revised edition says.
That said, it certainly seems true enough that there was an alternative to invasion and the bombs. All Truman would have to do is refuse to drop the bombs
and refuse to invade, then slog through the war as best he could without doing either one.
The fact that it would have been possible for Truman to do this, though, does not seem to be a matter of much significance. Who in their right mind would ever think of such a course of action? It was the height of the most brutal war in human history. Truman had a weapon that would significantly help us fight that war. Why in the world would he decide to hold back for no reason and not use it?
Quote:The Japanese leaders had decided to surrender and were merely looking for sufficient pretext to convince the die-hard Army Group that Japan had lost the war and must capitulate to the Allies. The entry of Russia into the war would almost certainly have furnished this pretext, and would have been sufficient to convince all responsible leaders that surrender was unavoidable.
This is from the intelligence analysis given to Ike several months after Japan surrendered??
In any case, it relies strongly on hindsight. And not only that, it isn't very accurate.
In reality, Japanese leaders were divided between "those who wanted to surrender" and "those who wanted to end the war in a draw with Soviet aid".
And the leaders "who wanted to end the war in a draw with Soviet aid" were the faction that dominated up to the point when the Soviets declared war. It was only then that Japan's leaders decided to surrender. And by that point both A-bombs had already been dropped.
Quote:as Japan's condition worsened American leaders understood in advance-well before use of the atomic bomb was authorized- that an invasion was increasingly unlikely.
Actually, American leaders fretted about the potential invasion all the way to the end of the war, even after both A-bombs had been dropped.
Quote:As early as April 18, 1945, the Joint Intelligence Staff put the crucial issue thus: "If at any time the U.S.S.R. should enter the war, practically all Japanese will realize that absolute defeat is inevitable."
[...]
Marshall's advice to the President on June 18, 1945, was presented seven weeks before the bombing of Hiroshima. During the ensuing period, Japan's condition deteriorated even further, with the result that a Soviet attack appeared likely to have even greater shock impact. On July 6, 1945, for instance, the Combined Intelligence Committee offered this assessment to the Combined Chiefs of Staff: "An entry of the Soviet Union into the war would finally convince the Japanese of the inevitability of complete defeat."
Unfortunately, it seemed that knowledge of inevitable defeat was not preventing Japan from fighting to the death and killing lots of Americans in the process.
Quote:It is important to note that these "estimates of the situation" preceded the most important indication that the Japanese recognized their situation was impossible: the direct personal intervention of the Emperor beginning in late June.
It is important to note that the only thing Japan did in late June in response to the Emperor's intervention was: redouble their efforts to fight to the death.
That changed finally in mid July, when Japan switched gears and started trying to end the war in a draw. But "trying to end the war in a draw" does not count as surrendering.
It was only on August 10, after both A-bombs had already been dropped, that Japan started trying to surrender.