Memory of May '68 protests imbue French vote
DOUG SAUNDERS
Globe and Mail
May 3, 2007
The scent of tear gas and the crack of police batons were hard to detect in the warm air of Paris, but somehow the 39-year-old spirit of mass protest has returned to haunt this week's French presidential elections.
The intense electoral battle between conservative Nicolas Sarkozy and socialist Ségolène Royal, in the frenetic run-up to Sunday's final vote, has suddenly erupted into a bizarre and surprising debate over the legacy of May, 1968, when enormous student demonstrations transformed into a wider mass protest that effectively shut down the country for three weeks.
The immediate effects of those long-ago protests were limited: Schools and universities reformed their admissions systems and French voters elected a conservative government to quell the protests.
But those heady days of protest, which have become part of national mythology, appear to have captivated Mr. Sarkozy, who launched a long and sometimes bizarre rant against "the heirs of May '68," a likely reference to Ms. Royal, during a speech on Sunday night at what was probably his largest rally before this weekend's vote.
"In this election, it is a question of whether the heritage of May '68 should be perpetuated or if it should be liquidated once and for all. The heirs of May '68 have damaged political morale," a sweat-drenched Mr. Sarkozy announced to an overflowing arena in Bercy, in eastern Paris, on Sunday night. "The heirs have weakened the idea of citizenship by denigrating the law, the state and the nation."
Up to that point, it sounded like the rants made by U.S. Republicans, Canadian conservatives and British Prime Minister Tony Blair against what they see as the damaging values of the 1960s. But then he took it to another level.
"See how the belief in 'money is king,' the belief in short-term profit and speculation, how the values of financial capitalism grew out of May '68, because there are no more rules, no more norms, no morality, no more respect, no authority," he said. "Everything has a price, so everything is allowed."
It had the effect of putting the issue, as distant to most French voters as Vietnam is to Americans, right back on the agenda: For the past two days, the French media and the people around a great many café tables have been consumed with a bewildered debate over the merits and faults of the soixante-huitistes, as those '60s protesters are today known.
"You had to pinch yourself to believe he'd said it," said Dominique Dhombres, a columnist with the newspaper Le Monde who attended the speech.
"The rise in stock-market speculation is the daughter of May '68? You have to strain to make that linkage. As I recall, the demonstrators of '68 went to the stock exchange to burn it, not to buy hedge funds."
Tuesday night, Ms. Royal fired a retort, which both ridiculed Mr. Sarkozy and defended the May '68 legacy, a position that is sure to keep the debate alive.
"Two days ago, he blamed everything on May '68," she told a noisy crowd. "I wonder what fly bit him. May '68 was 40 years ago!"
"Everything seemed calm around Bercy the other day," she continued, "but to hear him talk, you would think there were cars burning nearby, barricades, lax morals and tear gas in the air. The time machine seemed to be working perfectly for him."
The May '68 debate seemed to creep even into last night's televised debate, watched by half the French population. Mr. Sarkozy described a France in which work had lost its valour - one of the things he had earlier blamed on the protesters - and promised a break from those traditions.
"Madame Royal, we work less than the others," he said at one point. "How do we get one percentage point more in growth? By respecting work, giving work its value, considering work, giving work it its worth. ... We cannot continue to do politics as before."
Ms. Royal was 14 at the time of the protests (Mr. Sarkozy was 13) and has spent much of her career as a Socialist distancing herself from the party's protest-movement culture. Initially known for her moralistic positions in favour of censorship, she today favours a law-and-order position on many matters of immigration and crime. But, instead of dissociating herself from the charge, she took an equally surprising tack, devoting her speech to defending the legacy of May '68.
"I don't want to get back to the situation of social immobility we had in 1968, just because the people in power didn't want to redistribute the wealth of the postwar economic boom," she said.
"When I hear Nicolas Sarkozy say that he wants to 'liquidate' May '68," she told an interviewer yesterday, "I think he's using very violent vocabulary. ... I think he should remember that May '68 was also 11 million strikers, who obtained the right to organize and earn higher wages."
So Sunday's election, in which the two candidates are now within four percentage points of one another, appears to be transforming itself into a referendum on the values of 1968.