2000 Crash
Introduction:
From 1992-2000 the markets and economy had a record period of growth. The IPO market had new companies trading at over a 1 billion dollar market cap, with no profits and less than 1 million dollars in revenue.
The NASDAQ was trading at 4234.33 on September 1, 2000. From Sep 2000 the NASDAQ dropped 45.9% to 2291.86 by Jan 02, 2001. In Oct. of 2002, the NASDAQ dropped as low as 1,108.49 which is a 78.4% drop from its all-time high of 5,132.52 in Mar. of 2000. A sum of 8 trillion dollars of wealth was lost in the market crash.
http://www.stockadvisorgroup.com/Resources/MarketHistory.html
Causes of the Crash:
1. Corporate Corruption
Many companies overstated their profits by means of fraud and accounting loopholes and they hid their debt. Corporate officers had outrageous stock options that diluted the company.
2. Stocks Were Overvalued
Stocks were trading in the hundreds and some in the thousands on a P/E basis. Some companies, which were losing tons of money with no hope of profit for many years, had over a 1 billion dollar market cap.
3. A Wave of New Day traders and Momentum Investors
The arrival of the Internet and online trading provided a fast and inexpensive way to trade the markets. This led to millions of new investors trading the markets with little or no experience.
4. Conflict of Interest by Research Firms
Stock analysts and investment bankers worked very closely together. Whenever a company was trying to raise capital, the investment bankers made sure their research firms would put positive ratings on stocks. This caused companies to have favorable ratings although they were in severe financial trouble. In some cases analysts had favorable ratings on a stock less than a month before the company filed for chapter 11.
Reforms after the Crash
1. New Rules for Day traders. Investors need at least $25,000 in their account in order to actively trade the markets. New restrictions were placed on marketing methods for day trading firms.
2. CEO and CFO accountability for their balance sheets. CEO's and CFO's are now required to sign-off on their statements. Also, the punishment for fraud has been beefed up.
3. Accounting reform. This includes more disclosure of balance sheet info. Things such as stock options and offshore companies are to be disclosed so investors can better judge if the company is really producing a positive cash-flow.
4. Separation of Investment Banking and Analyst Research.
Fines were given to the big firms that were mainly responsible for deceptive practices. There was major reform to ensure divide research from the investment banking business.