I remain skeptical of the Unitary Executive Theory as an argument for expanding the powers of the presidency relative to Congress and the Federal courts. As justice Alito plausibly explained during his confirmation hearings, the theory is about the distribution, not the extent of executive power. President Bush may use the theory as a buzzword that manufactures the semblance of a constitutional argument. But I would be surprised if conservative jurists didn't see through this.
But something else has alarmed me about the unitary executive theory. The past week saw several media reports describing what seems to be a pattern of message discipline that the Bush administration imposed on scientists at federal agencies. In December, for example, the EPA's Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee recommended regulations about dust and soot. Apparently the administration didn't like the proposal, so EPA administrator Steven Johnson recommended something else instead. (
Source: LA Times (Registration required))
In a similar development, James Hansen, NASA's chief climate scientist, was threatened with "dire consequences" if he continued issuing stark warnings about global warming. Hansen says these threats happened over the phone, so there is no written record of them. NASA public affairs issued a statement in response saying that they are merely the same policy as "any other federal agency, corporation, or news organisation" in requiring any NASA employee to "coordinate (any statements) with the Office of Public Affairs. No exceptions." (
Source: ABC News)
I think we agree that censoring supposedly independent scientists is awfully bad policy. But if the unitary executive theory makes inroads with the courts, could they hold such censorship constitutional? Based on some superficial FindLaw surfing, it seems they can't prohibit Hansen to speak up in his capacity as a citizen. The Supreme Court first decided this in
Pickering v. Board of Education (1968), and has since affirmed it several times as it revisited the issue.
But what if Hansen is speaking in his capacity as a NASA scientist? NASA (and the EPA) are agencies of the federal executive. According to the constitution, all executive power is vested in the president. The "unitary executive theory" pushes this idea very far. So what happens if the president wants federal agency scientists to forget about science and deliver think tank sludge instead. Does the constitution, as interpreted under the unitary executive theory, give him the power to enforce this? As I said, it's extremely foolish and destructive policy -- but foolish and destructive policy isn't by itself unconstitutional. I'm worried.