Einherjar wrote: A lump sum tax would have the same effect, although due to less welth redistribution luxury consumption would increase some, and whatever is between esentials and luxury would decrease a bit.
Not quite. For example, under a lump sum tax of $5,000 a year, someone making $10,000 a year before taxes makes $5,000 after taxes. He could never afford luxuries in the first place, so the consumption he cuts consists of necessities.
By contrast, someone who makes $100,000 a year before taxes makes $95,000 after taxes, so the consumption he cuts consists of luxuries. That makes lump sum taxes unfair in terms of income distributions.
Einherjar wrote:Perhaps the closest thing to a non distorting tax would be "smart taxes" taxing variables assosiated with what the money is being used for. Taxing gas for road maintinance for example.
That's one way of doing it. Another way is to tax goods in fixed quantity. The most famous suggestion so far is a tax on the raw value of land. (Land is in fixed supply, so nobody can respond to the tax by producing less of it.)