@Arella Mae,
Beside the fact that you did not address that the information refer to in the Wikipedia article can be found on the US justice department website so there is zero question of it being in error.
Reliability of Wikipedia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Vandalism of a Wikipedia articleThe reliability of Wikipedia, compared to both other encyclopedias and more specialized sources, is assessed in several ways, including statistically, by comparative review, analysis of the historical patterns, and strengths and weaknesses inherent in the editing process unique to Wikipedia.
Because Wikipedia is open to anonymous and collaborative editing, assessments of its reliability usually include examinations of how quickly false or misleading information is removed. An early study conducted by IBM researchers in 2003—two years following Wikipedia's establishment—found that "vandalism is usually repaired extremely quickly—so quickly that most users will never see its effects"[1] and concluded that Wikipedia had "surprisingly effective self-healing capabilities".[2]
A notable early study in the journal Nature suggested that in 2005, Wikipedia scientific articles came close to the level of accuracy in Encyclopædia Britannica and had a similar rate of "serious errors".[3] This study was disputed by Encyclopædia Britannica.[4]
By 2010 reviewers in medical and scientific fields such as toxicology, cancer research and drug information reviewing Wikipedia against professional and peer reviewed sources found that Wikipedia's depth and coverage were of a very high standard, often
^ history flow: results IBM Collaborative User Experience Research Group, 2003
^ Fernanda B. Viégas, Martin Wattenberg, Kushal Dave: Studying Cooperation and Conflict between Authors with history flow Visualizations. Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, 575–582, Vienna 2004, ISBN 1-58113-702-8
^ a b Jim Giles (December 2005). "Internet encyclopedias go head to head". Nature 438 (7070): 900–901. doi:10.1038/438900a. PMID 16355180.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7070/full/438900a.html. The study (that was not in itself peer reviewed) was cited in several news articles such as this: "Wikipedia survives research test". BBC News (BBC). December 15, 2005.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4530930.stm.
^ Fatally Flawed: Refuting the recent study on encyclopedic accuracy by the journal Nature Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., March 2006
^ Illich, Ivan D., Deschooling society (Penguin, Harmondsworth, UK, 1976)
^ See Wikipedia:Stable versions
^ See Wikipedia:Protection policy
^ Anthony, Smith, Williamson (2005 (Preliminary) 2007 (updated)). "The Quality of Open Source Production: Zealots and Good Samaritans in the Case of Wikipedia".
http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/reports/abstracts/TR2007-606/. Retrieved 2007-11-05. "We find that quality that is associated with contributor motivations ... Registered users' quality increases with more contributions ... Surprisingly, however, we find the highest quality from the vast numbers of anonymous 'Good Samaritans' who contribute only once. Our findings that Good Samaritans as well as committed "zealots" contribute high quality content to Wikipedia suggest that it is the quantity as well as the quality of contributors that positively affects the quality of open source production."
^ John Timmer (2007-10-18). "Anonymous "good samaritans" produce Wikipedia's best content, says study". Ars Technica.
http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20071018-anonymous-good-samaritans-may-produce-wikipedias-best-content.html. Retrieved 2007-10-27. "Good samaritans with less than 100 edits made higher-quality contributions than those with registered accounts and equal amounts of content. In fact, anonymous contributors with a single edit had the highest quality of any group. But quality steadily declined, and more-frequent anonymous contributors were anything but Samaritans; their contributions generally didn't survive editing...The authors also recognize that contributions in the form of stubs on obscure topics might survive unaltered indefinitely, inflating the importance of single contributions...Objective ratings of quality are difficult, and it's hard to fault the authors for attempting to find an easily-measured proxy for it. In the absence of independent correlation, however, it's not clear that the measurement used actually works as a proxy."
^ Besiki Stvilia; Twidale, Michael B.; Smith, Linda C.; Gasser, Les (April 2008). "Information Quality Work Organization in Wikipedia". Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 59: 983–1001. doi:10.1002/asi.20813.
http://mailer.fsu.edu/~bstvilia/papers/stvilia_wikipedia_infoWork_p.pdf.
^ "Can you trust Wikipedia?". London: The Guardian. 2005-10-24.
http://technology.guardian.co.uk/opinion/story/0,16541,1599325,00.html. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
^ "Journal Nature study "fatally flawed" says Britannica". WikiNews (Wikipedia Foundation). March 24, 2006.
http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Journal_Nature_study_%27fatally_flawed%27%2C_says_Britannica.
^ "Encyclopaedia Britannica and Nature: a response". Nature. March 23, 2006.
http://www.nature.com/press_releases/Britannica_response.pdf. Retrieved 2007-10-31.
^ "Survey of Wikipedia accuracy and completeness". Larry Press, Professor of Computer Information Systems, California State University. 2006.
http://bpastudio.csudh.edu/fac/lpress/wikieval. Retrieved 2007-10-31.
^ Michael Kurzidim: Wissenswettstreit. Die kostenlose Wikipedia tritt gegen die Marktführer Encarta und Brockhaus an, in: c't 21/2004, October 4, 2004, S. 132–139.
^ Dorothee Wiegand: "Entdeckungsreise. Digitale Enzyklopädien erklären die Welt." c't 6/2007, March 5, 2007, p. 136-145. Original quote: "Wir haben in den Texten der freien Enzyklopädie nicht mehr Fehler gefunden als in denen der kommerziellen Konkurrenz"
^ Bragues, George, "Wiki-Philosophizing in a Marketplace of Ideas: Evaluating Wikipedia's Entries on Seven Great Minds" (April 2007). Available at SSRN:
http://ssrn.com/abstract=978177
^ a b c PC Pro magazine, August 2007, p. 136, "Wikipedia Uncovered"
^ "PC Authority – 'Wikipedia Uncovered'".
http://www.pcauthority.com.au/Feature/93908,wikipedia-uncovered.aspx/1.
^ Wikipedia: Wissen für alle. Stern 50/2007, December 6, 2007, pp. 30–44
^ Wikipedia schlägt Brockhaus Stern online, December 5, 2007 (summary of the test) Google translation
^ K.C. Jones: German Wikipedia Outranks Traditional Encyclopedia's Online Version. InformationWeek, December 7, 2007
^ Simon Williams: Wikipedia vs Encyclopaedia: A question of trust? Are online resources reliable or should we stick to traditional encyclopaedias? Techradar.com, April 21, 2008
^ Self description taken from blog biography, "Phil Bradley – biography". Phil Bradley. 2007.
http://www.philb.com/philbiog.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-31.
^ a b c d Simon Waldman (October 26, 2004). "Who knows?". The Guardian. /http://www.guardian.co.uk/online/news/0,12597,1335892,00.html Archive copy at the Wayback Machine.
^ "I want my Wikipedia!". Library Journal. April 2006.
http://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA6317246.html. Retrieved 2007-10-31.
^ "Trent University Library : About Wikipedia". Trentu.ca. 2007-04-30.
http://www.trentu.ca/library/help/wikipedia.html. Retrieved 2010-04-13.
^ Peter Binkley (2006). "Wikipedia Grows Up". Feliciter 52 (2006), no. 2, 59–61.
http://www.wallandbinkley.com/quaedam/?p=65#more-65. Retrieved October 31, 2007.
^ a b c "Wikipedia and Britannica: The kid's all right.". Searcher ("The Magazine for Database Professionals"), part of Information Today, Inc.. March 2006.
http://www.infotoday.com/searcher/mar06/berinstein.shtml. Retrieved 2007-10-31.
^ Linden, Hartmut (2002-08-02). "A White Collar Protein Senses Blue Light". Science.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/297/5582/777. Retrieved 2005. (subscription access only)
^ Chesney, Thomas (May 16, 2006).
http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1413/1331. Retrieved 2010-01-20.
^ Study cited in "Experts rate Wikipedia's accuracy higher than non-experts". 'Ars Technica. November 27, 2006.
http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20061127-8296.html. Retrieved 2007-10-31.
^ The study explains that "In the survey, all respondents under Condition 1 were asked if there were any mistakes in the article they had been asked to read. Only five reported seeing mistakes and one of those five reported spelling mistakes rather than factual errors. This suggests that 13 percent of Wikipedia's articles have errors." Thus 80% of the 13% related to factual errors and 20% of the 13% related to spelling errors. Chesney, Thomas (May 16, 2006). An empirical examination of Wikipedia's credibility.
http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1413/1331. Retrieved 2010-01-20.
^ Matt Bailey (October 2, 2007). "Using Wikipedia". Lawrence McKinley Gould Library, Carleton College.
http://apps.carleton.edu/campus/library/for_faculty/faculty_find/wikipedia/. Retrieved 2007-10-31.
^ "We Can’t Ignore the Influence of Digital Technologies," Chronicle of Higher Education, March 23, 2007,
http://chronicle.com/subscribe/login?url=/weekly/v53/i29/29b02001.htm
^ "ScienceDirect Indexed Papers". ScienceDirect. Various dates.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleListURL&_method=list&_ArticleListID=1359637889&_sort=r&_st=4&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=7fea708946cfc13e05e816774d4a4093. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
^ Clauson KA, Polen HH, Kamel Boulos MN, Dzenowagis JH (2008). "Scope, completeness, and accuracy of drug Iinformation in Wikipedia" (PDF). Ann Pharmacother 42 (12): 1814. doi:10.1345/aph.1L474. PMID 19017825.
http://www.theannals.com/cgi/reprint/aph.1L474v1.pdf. Lay summary – Reuters (2008-11-24). accessed 25 Sept 09
^ S. Robert Lichter, Ph.D,,: Are chemicals killing us? Statistical Assessment Service, May 21, 2009
^ Rajagopalan et al (2010). "Accuracy of cancer information on the Internet: A comparison of a Wiki with a professionally maintained database.". Journal of Clinical Oncology 28:7s, 2010.
http://abstract.asco.org/AbstView_74_41625.html. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
^ Robert McHenry (November 15, 2004). "The Faith-Based Encyclopedia". Tech Central Station.
http://www.tcsdaily.com/article.aspx?id=111504a. Retrieved 2007-10-31.
^ a b Bill Thompson (16 December 2005). "What is it with Wikipedia?". 'BBC.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4534712.stm. Retrieved 2007-10-31.
^ Lee Rainie and Bill Tancer (April 2007). "Data Memo". Pew/Internet Pew Internet and American Life Project.
http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Wikipedia07.pdf. Retrieved 2007-10-31. [dead link]
^ B. Sinham Appeal (civil) 2321 of 2007, Supreme Court of India.
^ Fowler, Simon Guide to Military History on the Internet, UK:Pen & Sword, ISBN 9781844156061, p. 7
^ Fowler, Simon Guide to Military History on the Internet, UK:Pen & Sword, ISBN 9781844156061, p. 201
^ "Cyber-nationalism | The brave new world of e-hatred". Economist.com. 2008-07-24.
http://www.economist.com/world/international/displayStory.cfm?source=hptextfeature&story_id=11792535. Retrieved 2010-04-13.
^ "A Reputation 2.0 Problem – Wiki-Circularity". SEOmoz.
http://www.seomoz.org/blog/a-reputation-20-problem. Retrieved 2010-04-13.
^
http://www.hypercustom.com/informationloop.pdf
^
http://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/01/26/britannica_slaps_google/
^ Akbar, Arifa (2006-11-17). "Baron Cohen comes out of character to defend Borat – News, Comedy". London: The Independent.
http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/comedy/news/baron-cohen-comes-out-of-character-to-defend-borat-424656.html. Retrieved 2010-04-13.
^ Fernanda B. Viégas, Martin Wattenberg, Kushal Dave (24 – 29 April 2004). "Studying Cooperation and Conflict between Authors with history flow Visualizations". CHI 2004, Vol. 6 No. 1.
http://alumni.media.mit.edu/~fviegas/papers/history_flow.pdf. Retrieved 2007-10-31.
^ Fernanda B. Viégas, Martin Wattenberg, Kushal Dave (2004). "History flow: results". IBM Collaborative User Experience Research Group.
http://www.research.ibm.com/visual/projects/history_flow/results.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-31.
^ Magnus, P.D. Early response to false claims in Wikipedia. First Monday, 13 (9): 1 September 2008
^ Jonathan Fildes (2007-08-15). "Wikipedia 'shows CIA page edits'". BBC.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/6947532.stm. Retrieved 2007-08-15.
^ Robert Verkaik (2007-08-18). "Wikipedia and the art of censorship". London: The Independent.
http://news.independent.co.uk/sci_tech/article2874112.ece. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
^ "Case ref. O-169-07: In the matter of application no 2277746C by Formula One Licensing B.V., to register the trade mark: "F1"". UK Government Intellectual Property Office. 14 June 2007.
http://www.ipo.gov.uk/tm/t-decisionmaking/t-challenge/t-challenge-decision-results/o16907.pdf. Retrieved 2007-10-31.
^ "Wikipedia emerges as key source for Virginia Tech shootings". Cyberjournalist.net. 24 April 2007.
http://www.cyberjournalist.net/news/004178.php. Retrieved 2007-10-31. – cyberjournalist.net cites this article Noam Cohen (23 April 2007). "The Latest on Virginia Tech, From Wikipedia". 'The New York Times.
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/23/technology/23link.html?_r=2&oref=slogin&oref=slogin. Retrieved 2007-10-31. for the above quote.
^ Jose Antonio Vargas (September 17, 2007). "On Wikipedia, Debating 2008 Hopefuls' Every Facet". Washington Post, Page A01.
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/16/AR2007091601699.html?hpid=topnews. Retrieved 2007-10-31.
^ Larry Sanger (December 31, 2004). "Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism". Kuro5hin.
http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25. Retrieved 2007-10-31.
^ "Wikipedia:Replies to common objections", Wikipedia, 22:53 April 13, 2005.
^ Danah Boyd (January 4, 2005). "Academia and Wikipedia". Many-to-Many.
http://www.corante.com/many/archives/2005/01/04/academia_and_wikipedia.php. Retrieved 2007-10-31.
^ Bergstein, Brian (March 25, 2007). "Sanger says he co-started Wikipedia". MSNBC. Associated Press.
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17798723/. Retrieved 2007-03-25. "The nascent Web encyclopedia Citizendium springs from Larry Sanger, a philosophy Ph.D. who counts himself as a co-founder of Wikipedia, the site he now hopes to usurp. The claim doesn't seem particularly controversial – Sanger has long been cited as a co-founder. Yet the other founder, Jimmy Wales, isn't happy about it."
^ Larry Sanger (September 24, 2001). "Wikipedia is wide open. Why is it growing so fast? Why isn't it full of nonsense?". Kuro5hin.
http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2001/9/24/43858/2479. Retrieved 2007-10-31.
^ Sheizaf Rafaeli and Yaron Ariel (2008). "Online motivational factors: Incentives for participation and contribution in Wikipedia, In A. Barak (Ed.), Psychological aspects of cyberspace: Theory, research, applications (pp. 243–267)". Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press..
http://cyberpsych.yeda.info. Retrieved 2008-08-08.
^ Joi Ito (August 29, 2004). "Wikipedia attacked by ignorant reporter". Joi Ito's Web.
http://joi.ito.com/archives/2004/08/29/wikipedia_attacked_by_ignorant_reporter.html#c014592. Retrieved 2007-10-31.
^ Vu-Quoc, L., Configuration integral, VQWiki, 2008.
^ Jaeger, G.professional webpage
^ Bits on Quantum Information, Letter to the Editor, Physics Today, Jul 2008, p.10.
^ a b "Ségolène Royal et Léon-Robert de l'Astran, le savant qui n'a jamais existé", Le Monde, June 7, 2010
^ John Siegenthaler (2005-11-29). "A false Wikipedia "biography"". USA Today.
http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/2005-11-29-wikipedia-edit_x.htm.
^ "Mistakes and hoaxes on-line". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2006-04-15.
http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/ss/stories/s1613571.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-28.
^ Seth Finkelstein (Sep. 28, 2006) "I'm on Wikipedia, get me out of here" The Guardian. Inside IT.
^ Dedman, Bill (2007-03-03). "Reading Hillary Clinton's hidden thesis". msnbc.com.
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17388372/page/3/. Retrieved 2007-03-17.
^ "Hillary Rodham Clinton". Wikipedia. 2005-07-09.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hillary_Rodham_Clinton&diff=18494301&oldid=18493966. Retrieved 2007-03-17.
^ "Hillary Rodham Clinton". Wikipedia. 2007-03-02.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hillary_Rodham_Clinton&diff=112070224&oldid=111773323. Retrieved 2007-03-17.
^ Cara Paige (2006-04-11). "Exclusive: Meet the Real Sir Walter Mitty". Daily Record.
http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/tm_objectid=16929538&method=full&siteid=66633&headline=meet-sir-walter-mitty--name_page.html. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
^ "Léon-Robert de L'Astran, celui qui n'a jamais existé", Sud-Ouest, June 7, 2010
^ "Ségolène Royal tombe dans le piège de Wikipédia", Le Figaro, June 8, 2010
^ "Royal, toute une Histoire", Le Journal du Dimanche, June 7, 2010
^ "Léon Robert de L'Astran", article in the French Wikipedia, deleted on June 7, 2010
^ Cached version of the article "Léon Robert de L'Astran" prior to deletion
^ Gene Weingarten (2007-03-16). "A wickedly fun test of Wikipedia". The News & Observer.
http://www.newsobserver.com/105/story/553968.html. Retrieved 2006-04-08. [dead link]
^ "Wikipedia:Researching with Wikipedia". Wikipedia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Researching_with_Wikipedia. Retrieved 2005-12-14.
^ Bachelor, Blane (June 28, 2007). "Web Time Stamps Indicate Benoit Death Reported About 14 Hours Before Police Found Bodies". Fox News.
http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,287194,00.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ Schoetz, David (2007-06-29). "Police: Wiki Confession an 'Unbelievable Hindrance'". ABC News.
http://abcnews.go.com/Sports/story?id=3327310&page=1. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ Corey Spring (2007-06-29). "The College Student Who 'Knew' About the Benoit Murder-Suicide Before Police". Newsvine.
http://spring.newsvine.com/_news/2007/06/29/808872-the-college-student-who-knew-about-the-benoit-murder-suicide-before-police. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ Mirror duped by Wikipedia 'fact' (Web User, 19 Sep 2008)
^ "New-look Manchester City side begin their UEFA Cup campaign in earnest – MirrorFootball.co.uk". Mirror.co.uk. 2008-09-18.
http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/2008/09/18/new-look-manchester-city-side-begin-their-uefa-cup-campaign-in-earnest-115875-20741334/. Retrieved 2010-04-13.
^ "Omonia Nicosia 1–2 Manchester City: Goals start to flow for Jo – MirrorFootball.co.uk". Mirror.co.uk. 2010-04-09.
http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/match-reports/2008/09/19/omonia-nicosia-1-2-manchester-city-goals-start-to-flow-for-jo-115875-20743824/. Retrieved 2010-04-13.
^ Shane Fitzgerald (May 7, 2009). "Lazy journalism exposed by online hoax". The Irish Times.
http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2009/0507/1224246059241.html. Retrieved 2010-01-08.
^ a b Shawn Pogatchnik (May 11, 2009). "Irish Student Hoaxes World's Media With Fake Quote". ABC News.
http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/AheadoftheCurve/wirestory?id=7556738&page=1. Retrieved 2010-01-08.
^ "Wikipedia hoax points to limits of journalists' research". arstechnica.com.
http://arstechnica.com/media/news/2009/05/wikipedia-hoax-reveals-limits-of-journalists-research.ars. Retrieved 2010-01-08.
^ "Sepp Blatter called a 'bellend' during award of South African medal". The Metro. 2010-07-15.
http://www.metro.co.uk/sport/oddballs/835201-sepp-blatter-called-a-bellend-during-award-of-south-african-medal. Retrieved 2010-08-11.
^ Margaret Kane (2006-01-30). "Politicians notice Wikipedia". Cnet news.com.
http://news.com.com/2061-11199_3-6032713.html. Retrieved 2007-01-28.
^ "Senator staffers spam Wikipedia".
http://lawnorder.blogspot.com/2006/01/senator-staffers-spam-wikipedia.html. Retrieved 2006-09-13.
^ Metz, Cade, "US Department of Justice banned from Wikipedia, The Register, April 29, 2008.
^ McElroy, Damien (2008-05-07). "Israeli battles rage on Wikipedia". The Daily Telegraph (London).
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1934857/Israeli-battles-rage-on-Wikipedia.html. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
^ Noam Cohen (August 31, 2008) "Don’t Like Palin's Wikipedia Story? Change It" Technology. The New York Times.
^ Brian Bergstein (Jan. 24, 2007) Microsoft Violates Wikipedia's Sacred Rule The Associated Press. Retrieved on 2008-09-03.
^ Nancy Gohring (Jan 23, 2007) "Microsoft said to offer payment for Wikipedia edits" IDG News Service. Retrieved on 2008-09-03.
^ Nancy Gohring (Jan 24, 2007) "Microsoft's step into Wikipedia prompts debate" IDG News Service.
^ March 12, 2008 Wiki boss 'edited for donation' Technology. BBC News.
^ Eric Goldman (2005-12-05). "Wikipedia Will Fail Within 5 Years".
http://blog.ericgoldman.org/archives/2005/12/wikipedia_will.htm. Retrieved 2010-01-16.
^ Thomas Claburn (2006-12-05). "Law Professor Predicts Wikipedia's Demise". InformationWeek.
http://www.informationweek.com/internet/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=196601766. Retrieved 2006-12-16.
^ Metz, Cade, "Wikipedia ruled by 'Lord of the Universe'", The Register, February 6, 2008.
^ Cade Metz (March 6, 2008). "Why you should care that Jimmy Wales ignores reality". The Register. Retrieved on 2010-04-27.
^ Arthur, Charles (2005-12-15). "Log on and join in, but beware the web cults". The Guardian (London).
http://technology.guardian.co.uk/online/insideit/story/0,,1667345,00.html. Retrieved 2006-07-14.
[edit] External links
Librarians' Claims and Opinions Regarding Wikipedia
UCSC Wiki Lab
WikiDashboard