the day in the history

1715 The first lighthouse in America was authorized for construction at Little Brewster Island, Massachusetts.
1829 William Burt patented the typographer, which was the first typewriter.
1904 The ice cream cone was invented by Charles E. Menches during the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis, MO.
1914 Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia following the killing of Archduke Francis Ferdinand by a Serb assassin. The dispute led to World War I.
1962 The "Telstar" communications satellite sent the first live TV broadcast to Europe.
1972 Eddie Merckx of Belgium won his fourth consecutive Tour de France bicycling competition.
1984 Miss America, Vanessa Williams, turned in her crown after it had been discovered that she had posed nude for Penthouse magazine. She was the first to resign the title.
1986 Britain's Prince Andrew married Sarah Ferguson at Westminster Abbey in London. They divorced in 1996.
1997 Police in Miami Beach, FL, found the body of Andrew Cunanan. He was the suspected killer of Gianni Versace.
1998 U.S. scientists at the University of Hawaii turned out more than 50 "carbon-copy" mice, with a cloning technique.
2000 Lance Armstrong won his second Tour de France.

1959: Khrushchev and Nixon have war of words

Russia's prime minister and America's vice-president fight a battle of words at an American exhibition in Moscow.

Michael Stone leaving the Maze 2000: Loyalist killer Michael Stone freed from Maze
Loyalist paramilitary hitman Michael Stone is released from the Maze prison in Northern Ireland.

Photograph of Jeffrey Archer 1987: Archer wins record damages
Former deputy chair of the Conservative Party Jeffrey Archer is awarded record libel damages at the High Court.

Gerald Brooke after his release 1969: Briton freed from Soviet prison
British lecturer Gerald Brooke is returned to London after four years in a Soviet jail.

1314 - Scottish forces led by Robert the Bruce won over Edward II of England at the Battle of Bannockburn in Scotland.

1340 - The English fleet defeated the French fleet at Sluys, off the Flemish coast.

1664 - New Jersey, named after the Isle of Jersey, was founded.

1509 - Henry VIII was crowned King of England.

1497 - Italian explorer John Cabot, sailing in the service of England, landed in North America on what is now Newfoundland.

1675 - King Philip's War began when Indians massacre colonists at Swansee, Plymouth colony.

1793 - The first republican constitution in France was adopted.

1812 - Napoleon crossed the Nieman River and invaded Russia.

1859 - At the Battle of Solferino, also known as the Battle of the Three Sovereigns, the French army led by Napoleon III defeated the Austrian army under Franz Joseph I in northern Italy.

1861 - Federal gunboats attacked Confederate batteries at Mathias Point, Virginia.

1862 - U.S. intervention saved the British and French at the Dagu forts in China.

1869 - Mary Ellen "Mammy" Pleasant officially became the Vodoo Queen in San Francisco, CA.

1896 - Booker T. Washington became the first African American to receive an honorary MA degree from Howard University.

1910 - The Japanese army invaded Korea.

1913 - Greece and Serbia annulled their alliance with Bulgaria following border disputes over Macedonia and Thrace.

1922 - The American Professional Football Association took the name of The National Football League.

1931 - The Soviet Union and Afghanistan signed a treaty of neutrality.

1940 - France signed an armistice with Italy.

1940 - TV cameras were used for the first time in a political convention as the Republicans convened in Philadelphia, PA.

1941 - U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt pledged all possible support to the Soviet Union.

1947 - Kenneth Arnold reported seeing flying saucers over Mt. Rainier, Washington.

1948 - The Soviet Union began the Berlin Blockade.

1953 - John F. Kennedy and Jacqueline Bouvier announced their engagement.

1955 - Soviet MIG's down a U.S. Navy patrol plane over the Bering Strait.

1962 - The New York Yankees beat the Detroit Tigers, 9-7, after 22 innings.

1964 - The Federal Trade Commission announced that starting in 1965, cigarette manufactures would be required to include warnings on their packaging about the harmful effects of smoking.

1968 - "Resurrection City," a shantytown constructed as part of the Poor People's March on Washington D.C., was closed down by authorities.

1970 - The U.S. Senate voted overwhelmingly to repeal the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.

1970 - The movie "Myra Breckinridge" premiered.

1971 - The National Basketball Association modified its four-year eligibility rule to allow for collegiate hardship cases.

1975 - 113 people were killed when an Eastern Airlines Boeing 727 crashed while attempting to land during a thunderstorm at New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport.

1985 - Natalia Solzhenitsyn the wife of exiled, Soviet author Alexander Solzhenitsyn, became a U.S. citizen.

1997 - 18-year-old Melissa Drexler was charged with murder in the death of her baby. Drexler had given birth during her prom.

1997 - The U.S. Air Force released a report on the "Roswell Incident," suggesting the alien bodies witnesses reported seeing in 1947 were actually life-sized dummies.

1998 - AT&T Corp. struck a deal to buy cable TV giant Tele-Communications Inc. for $31.7 billion.

1998 - Walt Disney World Resort admitted its 600-millionth guest.

2002 - The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that juries, not judges, must make the decision to give a convicted killer the death penalty.

2002 - A painting from Monet's Waterlilies series sold for $20.2 million.

2003 - In Paris, France, manuscripts by novelist Georges Simenon brought in $325,579. The original manuscript of "La Mort de Belle" raised $81,705.

July 22nd

On this day...
260 St Dionysius begins his reign as Catholic Pope
1298 English defeat Scots at Battle of Falkirk
1587 2nd English colony established on Roanoke Island off NC
1686 City of Albany, NY chartered
1775 George Washington takes command of the troops
1796 Cleveland, Ohio, founded by Gen Moses Cleaveland
1812 Duke of Wellington defeats French at Battle of Salamanca, Spain
1854 J R Hind discovers asteroid #30 Urania
1864 Battle of Atlanta-Hood attacks Sherman & suffers terrible losses
1898 Belgica crew see 1st sunrise in 1600 hrs-1st to endure Antarct winter
1905 Phila Athletic's Weldon Henley no-hits St Louis Browns, 6-0
1908 W Lorenz discovers asteroid #665 Sabine
1912 5th Olympic games in Stockholm closes
1916 A bomb went off during a Preparedness Day parade in SF killing 10
1917 Alexander Kerensky becomes Russian PM
1917 M Wolf discovers asteroids #879 Ricarda, #880 Herba & #881 Athene
1918 Lightning kills 504 sheep in Utah's Wasatch National Park
1923 Walter Johnson becomes the 1st to strikeout 3,000
1925 Yankees purchase infielder Leo Durocher
1926 105ø F (41ø C), Waterbury, Connecticut (state record)
1926 108ø F (42ø C), Troy, New York (state record)
1926 Cin Red Curt Walker ties record of 2 triples in an inning
1930 G Neujmin discovers asteroid #1306 Scythia
1930 H Van Gent discovers asteroids #1666 van Gent, #1752 van Herk &
#1945 Wesselink
1933 Caterina Jarboro sings "Aida," NYC-1st negro prima donna in US
1933 Wiley Post completes 1st round-the-world solo flight
1935 C Jackson discovers asteroids #1359 Prieska & #1360 Tarka
1935 Lester Walton appointed minister to Liberia
1936 Phillies John Moore hits 3 consecutive HRs
1937 Senate rejects FDR proposal to enlarge Supreme Court
1939 1st black woman judge (Jane Matilda Bolin-NYC)
1942 Gasoline rationing begins in US during WW II
1943 Allied forces captured Palermo, Sicily
1944 Soviets set up Polish Committee of National Liberation
1946 Estelle Bennett, rocker (The Ronettes)
1947 -8ø F (-13ø C), Charlotte Pass, NSW (Australian record)
1950 King Leopold, after 6 years in exile, returns to Belgium
1952 Polish constitution adopted (National Day)
1955 1st VP to preside over cabinet meeting-R Nixon
1955 Phillies longest win streak since 1892 hits 11
1962 1st US Venus probe, Mariner 1, fails at lift-off
1962 Chic White Sox Floyd Robinson goes 6 for 6 (all singles)
1963 Sonny Liston KOs Floyd Patterson to retain heavywieght championship
1963 The Beatles release "Introducing the Beatles"
1964 Steve Ballesteros wins the Britsh Golf Open
1967 Atlanta Braves use a record 5 pitchers in the 9th inning
1967 Jimi Hendrix quits as openoing act of the Monkees' tour
1969 Aretha Franklin arrested for disturbing the peace in Detroit
1969 USSR launches Sputnik 50 & Molniya 1-12 communications satellite
1972 27.53 cm (10.84") of rainfall, Fort Ripley, Mn (state 24-hr record)
1972 Venera 8 makes soft landing on Venus
1973 Sue Berning wins her 3rd US Golf Open championship
1975 House of Reps votes to restore citizenship to Gen Robert E Lee
1981 Turkish terrorist Mehmet Ali Agca sentenced in a Rome to life
1982 Academic Text Processing Service established in Seattle
1983 -128ø F (-89ø C) recorded, Vostok, Antarctica (world record)
1983 Dick Smith makes 1st solo helicopter flight around the world
1983 Poland's PM Januzelski lifts martial law
1984 Kathy Whitworth wins a record 85th pro golf tournament
1986 House of Reps impeaches Judge Harry E Claiborne on tax evasion
1987 Said Aouita of Morroco sets the 5k record (12:58.39) in Rome
1987 Soyuz TM-3 launched with 3 cosmonauts (1 Syrian)
1987 US began escorting re-flagged Kuwaiti tankers in Persian Gulf
1988 500 US scientists pledge to boycott Pentagon germ-warfare research
1990 Greg Lemond of US wins bicycling's 3rd tour de France
1990 Nick Faldo of England wins the British Open Golf championship
1991 Jeffrey Dahmer confesses to killing 17 males in 1978

July 22nd

1620 A small congregation of English Separatists, led by John Robinson, began theiremigration to the New World. Today, this historic group of religious refugees has come tobe known as the 'Pilgrims.'
1836 Birth of Emily E. S. Elliott, Anglican missions supporter and hymnwriter. Nieceof Charlotte Elliott (who wrote the hymn 'Just As I Am'), Emily penned the words to the hymn'Thou Didst Leave Thy Throne.'
1847 The first large company of Mormon immigrants entered the Salt Lake Valley, in whatwas still Mexican territory. Soon after, Mormon leader Brigham Young founded Salt Lake City,Utah.
1865 Birth of Peter P. Bilhorn, sacred composer. He produced over 1,400 hymns in hislife, including 'I Will Sing the Wondrous Story' and 'Sweet Peace, The Gift of God's Love.'
1981 Turkish terrorist Mehmet Ali Agca, 23, was sentenced to life imprisonment for hisattempted assassination of Pope John Paul II in May of this year.

July 23rd

636 Arabs gain control of most of Palestine from the Byzantine Empire
685 John V begins his reign as Catholic Pope
1253 Jews are expelled from Vienne France by order of Pope Innocent III
1298 Jews are massacred at Wurzburg Germany
1599 Caravaggio's 1st public commission for paintings
1798 Napoleon captures Alexandria, Egypt
1803 Robert Emmett's insurrected in Dublin
1827 1st US swim school opens (Boston Mass)
1829 William Austin Burt patents "typographer" (typewriter)
1852 1st interment in US National Cemetary at Presidio
1866 Cincinnati Baseball club (The Reds) established
1871 C H F Peters discovers asteroid #114 Kassandra
1877 1st telephone & telegraph line in Hawaii completed
1877 1st US municipal railroad, Cincinnati Southern, begins operations
1880 1st commercial hydroelectric power planet begins, Grand Rapids, Mich
1886 Steve Brodie supposedly survives plunge from Brooklyn Bridge
1895 A Charlois discovers asteroid #405 Thia
1900 Pan-African Congress meets in London
1904 Ice cream cone created by Charles E Menches during La Purchase Expo
1908 A Kopff discovers asteroids #666 Desdemona & #667 Denise
1909 M Wolf discovers asteroid #683 Lanzia
1914 Austria-Hungary issues ultimatum to Serbia leading to WW I
1920 Kenya becomes a British crown colony
1921 Edward Gourdin of the US, sets then long jump record at 25' 2 3/4"
1925 NY Yankee Lou Gehrig hits his 1st of 23 career grand slammers
1931 Ashmore & Cartier Is in Indian Ocean transferred to Australia
1931 France announces they can't afford to send a team to 1932 LA olympics
1932 C Jackson discovers asteroid #1246 Chaka
1937 Isolation of pituitary hormone announced (Yale University)
1938 C Jackson discovers asteroid #1468 Zomba
1940 "Blitz" begins, all-night raid on London
1944 US forces invade Japanese-held Tinian in WW II
1947 1st (US Navy) air squadron of jets, Quonset Point, RI
1948 Progressive party convention nominates Henry Wallace for President
1952 General Neguib seizes power, Monarchy overthrown in Egypt (Natl Day)
1956 Bell X-2 rocket plane sets world aircraft speed record of 3,050 kph
1958 1st 4 women named to peerage in House of Lords
1964 Egyptian munition ship "Star of Alexandria" explodes at dockside
in Bone, Algeria. 100 die, 160 injured, $20 million damage
1965 Beatles "Help" is released in the UK
1966 Cavern Club in Liverpool reopens
1966 Napoleon XIV releases "They're Coming to Take Me Away, Ha! Ha!"
1967 43 killed in racial rebellion in Detroit (2,000 injured, 442 fires)
1967 Pirate Radio Swinging Scotland closes down for financial reasons
1967 Race riots claiming 43 erupts in Detroit
1968 Fred Blasie wins 5th wrestling world championship belt
1968 PLO's 1st hijacking of an El Al plane
1968 Race riot in Cleveland, 11 including 3 cops killed
1969 NL beats AL 9-3 in 40th All Star Game (RFK Stadium, Washington)
1969 NL beats AL for 7th consecutive time
1972 1st Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS) is launched
1972 Eddy Merckx (Belgium) wins his 4th consecutive Tour de France
1973 Ozark AL plane knocked out of the air by lightning, St Louis-36 die
1974 Greek military dictatorship collapses
1974 NL beats AL 7-2 in 45th All Star Game (3 Rivers, Pittsburgh)
1976 Balt Oriole Reggie Jackson homers in 6th straight game
1976 Wings release "Let 'em In"
1977 Washington jury convicts 12 Hanafi Moslems on hostage charges
1978 Israeli cabinet rejects Sadat's call for return of 2 Sinai areas
1978 Phillies Steve Carlon becomes 78th pitcher to win 200
1979 E Bowell discovers asteroid #2736 Ops
1980 Billy Carter admits to being paid by Libya
1980 River of No Return Wilderness Area designated by Jimmy Carter
1980 Soyuz 37 ferries 2 cosmonauts (1 Vietnamese) to Salyut 6
1984 Vanessa Williams, 1st black Miss America, resigns due to posing nude
1986 Britain's Prince Andrew marries Sarah Ferguson
1987 Petra Felke (E Ger) throws javelin 78.89 m (women's record)
1987 RNI (BKlyn NY pirate radio station) begins broadcasting on 1620 AM
1987 Said Aouita of Morocco runs world record 5,000 m (12:58.39)
1988 Saskatchewan's Dave Ridgway kicks record 8 field goals vs Edmonton
1989 FOX-TV tops ABC, NBC & CBS for 1st time (America's Most Wanted)
1989 Winds gust to 85 MPH at Fort Smith Arkansas
1991 James Farentino of Dynasty arrested in Canada for cocaine possession

July 23rd

1779 Pioneer American Methodist bishop Francis Asbury wrote in his journal: 'I findit of more consequence to a preacher to know his Bible well, than all the languages or booksin the world -- for he is not to preach these, but the Word of God.'
1846 Birth of William R. Featherstone, Canadian Methodist hymnwriter. He penned thewords to 'My Jesus, I Love Thee' before age 16.
1860 Birth of William W. McConnell, missions pioneer. In 1891, he became the firstmissionary sent out by the Central American Mission, after its founding in 1890.
1918 Death of Joseph H. Gilmore, 84, American Baptist clergyman. He is remembered todayprimarily for the hymn, 'He Leadeth Me,' which he wrote at the age of 28.
1976 The First National Southern Baptist Charismatic Conference closed. Baptist pastorand charismatic leader Howard Conatser (1926-78) was a speaker at this convention.

July 23rd canada

1995 MILITARY GET BLACK EYE
Ottawa Ontario - Defence Minister David Collenette disbands the Canadian Airborne Regiment; after some of its soldiers were found to be involved in the death of a Somali boy during a UN mission, and revelations of illegal hazing rituals.

1836 Also On This Day...
Toronto Ontario - Francis Bond Head 1793-1875 arrives in Toronto to replace Colborne as Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada; he appoints Reformers Baldwin, Rolph and Dunn to the Executive Council in an effort to quell potential rebellion. Colborne moves to Montreal to take command of the military in the Canadas

1995 Toronto Ontario - Ontario Court of Appeal acquits Guy-Paul Morin of 1984 sex-slaying of his nine-year-old neighbor, Christine Jessop of Queensville, Ontario; ruling on basis of new DNA evidence.
1995 Victoria BC - British Columbia blocks Alcan's $1.3-billion (Canadian) Kemano power dam development, citing the threat to its salmon fishery.
1992 Ottawa Ontario - Supreme Court rules that the federal government can conduct environmental reviews on any projects under its jurisdiction.
1984 Brantford Ontario - Stuart & Lillian Kelly of Brantford collect $13,890,588.80 for winning ticket in Lotto 6-49; largest to date.
1975 Ottawa Ontario - Ottawa ends tax breaks to Canadian companies advertising in Canadian editions of foreign magazines.
1972 Montreal Quebec - Terrorists throw four firebombs at the Soviet consulate in Montreal, doing slight damage.
1967 Ottawa Ontario - Walter Lockhart Gordon 1906-1988 heads ministerial committee to look at foreign ownership in the Canadian economy.
1954 Ottawa Ontario - NHL Toronto Maple Leafs take their undefeated streak in 18 games, the longest in their history.
1949 Regina Saskatchewan - Fire destroys the Regina transit barns, torching most of its 38 buses and streetcars.
1941 Prescott Ontario - German prisoner of war Franz von Werra escapes from a train and makes it back to Germany, only to die in action a year later; the only German POW to make a successful escape in Canada.
1935 Iroquois Falls Ontario - Thermometer hits -60C, the lowest temperature ever recorded in Ontario.
1902 Toronto Ontario - Winnipeg Victorias sweep Toronto Wellingtons in 2 games to win the Stanley Cup.
1901 London England - Edward VII 1814-1910 starts reign; to 1910; most public events in country cancelled on death of Queen Victoria.
1895 New York New York - Romaine Callender demonstrates his automatic telephone in New York; inventor from Brantford, Ontario
1888 Kingsville Ontario - Natural gas discovered in Kingsville by well drillers.
1883 Montreal Quebec - Montrealers celebrate winter with the city's first ice palace carnival.
1863 Toronto Ontario - Toronto Stock Exchange introduces first regular daily trading sessions.
1834 Quebec Quebec - Fire destroys the old Chateau Saint-Louis, originally built by Samuel de Champlain, and home to the Governors of New France.

July 24th

1651 Anthony Johnson, a free black, receives grant of 250 acres in Va
1673 Edmund Halley enters Queen's College, Oxford, as an undergraduate
1683 1st settlers from Germany to US, leave aboard the Concord
1701 French make 1st landing at site of Detroit
1704 Great Britain takes Gibralter from Spain
1758 George Washington admitted to Virginia House of Burgess
1783 Georgia becomes a protectorate of tsarist Russia
1799 William Clark (of Lewis & Clark) is willed the slave York
1824 Harrisburg Pennsylvanian newspaper publishes results of 1st public
opinion poll. Clear lead for Andrew Jackson
1847 Brigham Young & his Mormon followers arrive at Salt Lake City, UT
1847 Rotary-type printing press patented by Richard March Hoe, NYC
1866 Tennessee becomes 1st Confederate state readmitted to Union
1870 1st trans-US rail service begins
1877 1st time federal troops are used to combat strikers
1900 Race riot in New Orleans, 2 white policemen killed
1915 Excursion ship Eastland capsizes in Lake Michigan, 852 die
1919 Race Riot in Washington DC (6 killed, 100 wounded)
1923 Allied Powers & Turkey sign peace treaty, Lausanne
1925 Scopes guilty of teaching evolution in a Tn HS, fined $100 & costs
1929 NY to SF footrace ends (2« months) winner was 60 year old Monteverde
1929 Pres Hoover proclaims Kellogg-Briand Pact which renounces war
1933 K Reinmuth discovers asteroids #1645 Waterfield, #1668 Hanna,
#1726 Hoffmeister, #2136 Jugta & #2158
1934 1st ptarmigan hatched & reared in captivity, Ithaca, NY
1936 118ø F (48ø C), Minden, Nebraska (state record)
1936 121ø F (49ø C), near Alton, Kansas (state record)
1937 Alabama drops charges against 5 blacks accused of rape in Scottsboro
1948 Soviets blockades Berlin from the west
1950 V-2/WAC Corporal rocket launch; 1st launch from Cape Canaveral
1952 112ø F (44ø C), Louisville, Georgia (state record)
1952 Pres Truman settles 53-day steel strike
1959 VP Nixon argued with Khrushchev, known as "Kitchen Debate"
1961 Beginning of a trend, a US commercial plane is hijacked to Cuba
1961 Edwin Newman becomes news anchor of the Today Show
1963 124 Unification church couples wed in Korea
1963 Sonny Liston KOs Floyd Patterson to retain heavyweight championship
1965 Bob Dylan release "Like a Rolling Stone"
1965 Casey Stengel resigns as manager of the NY Mets
1967 Beatles sign a petition in The Times to legalize marijuana
1967 Charles de Gaulle says 'Vive le Qu‚bec libre! Long live free Quebec!'
1967 Race riot in Cambridge Maryland
1969 Apollo 11 returns to Earth
1969 Hoyt Wilhelm pitches in a record 907th major league game
1969 Muhammad Ali is convicted for refusing induction in US Army on appeal
1972 Jigme Singye Wangchuk becomes king of Bhutan at 16
1973 NL beats AL 7-1 in 44th All Star Game (Royals Stadium, KC)
1973 Sue Berning wins US golf open for 3rd time
1974 Supreme Court unanimously rules Nixon must turn over Watergate tapes
1975 Apollo 18 returns to Earth
1978 "Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" premeirs in NYC
1978 Billy Martin resigns as Yankee manager after "the one is a born liar
the other a convicted one" comment about Steinbrenner & Jackson
1979 Red Sox Carl Yastrzemski hits his 400th HR
1982 E Bowell discovers asteroid #2763 Jeans
1983 Pine Tar Game, Brett's HR disallowed against Yanks (overturned)
1984 Seve Ballesteros wins the British Open
1985 Gandhi signs peace contract with Sikh leader Harchand Singh Longowai
1986 SF Federal jury convicts navy radioman Jerry Whitworth of espionage
1987 IBM-PC DOS Version 3.3 (updated) released
1988 US & Jamacia play scoreless tie, in 2nd round of 1990 world soccer cup
1990 Ms. Magazine hits the newstands again after an 8 month haitus
1991 U of Manchester scientist announce finding a planet outside of
the solar system

July 24th

1216 Cencio Savelli was consecrated Pope Honorius III. During his 11-year pontificate,he confirmed two well-known religious orders: the Dominicans in 1216 and the Franciscansin 1223.
1550 French-born Swiss reformer John Calvin wrote in a letter: 'If you make a constantstudy of the word of the Lord, you will be quite able to guide your life to the highestexcellence.'
1725 Birth of John Newton, an English slave ship's captain. He was converted at age22, and entered the Anglican ministry. Newton is remembered today as author of severalenduring hymns, including 'Amazing Grace' and 'Glorious Things of Thee Are Spoken.'
1819 Birth of Josiah G. Holland, American writer who in 1874 authored the Christmashymn, 'There's a Song in the Air.'
1918 On Mt. Scopus in Jerusalem, the cornerstone for Hebrew University was laid by Dr.Chaim Weizmann. (Weizmann was later elected first president of the modern state of Israel.)

July 24th

1847 - Richard M. Hoe of New York City patented the rotary-type printing press.
1849 - Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. presented its first Doctor of Music Degree -- to Professor Henry Dielman.

1933 - The first broadcast of The Romance of Helen Trent was heard on radio. The show continued on the air for 7,222 episodes and 27 years. Amazingly, Helen stayed at 35 years of age throughout the entire series! The show used two Helen Trents over the years. The first Helen was played by Virginia Clark (for 11 years) and the second by Julie Stevens (for 16 years).

1933 - During his fourth Fireside Chat, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt showed why the homey, warm, comfortable discussion was, indeed, a fireside chat. The President stopped the discussion on the air (remember folks, this was radio) and asked for a glass of water, which he then sipped. Newsman Robert Trout is credited with coming up with the name, Fireside Chat, because of real moments like this.

1938 - Clarinet virtuoso and big band leader Artie Shaw recorded his now-classic, Begin the Beguine, for Bluebird Records in New York City. Shaw was married to Ava Gardner at the time.

1943 - Foreign Assignment, was first heard on Mutual radio. The title role of Brian Berry was played by Jay Jostyn, who also starred in another popular radio drama, Mr. District Attorney.

1956 - After a decade together as the country's most popular comedy team, Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis called it quits this night. They did their last show at the Copacabana nightclub in New York City. The duo ended their relationship exactly 10 years after they had started it.

1969 - Hoyt Wilhelm, pitching for the Chicago White Sox, set a major-league baseball record by pitching in game number 907 of his career. Wilhelm went on to lead all major-league hurlers (number of games pitched) with 1,070 in his career (1952-1972).

1978 - Billy Martin was fired. It was the first of three times the manager of the New York Yankees baseball team would get the boot. Martin would be canned again in 1979 and in 1983, each time by Yankees owner George Steinbrenner.

1984 - After 14 years and four Super Bowl championships with the Pittsburgh Steelers, Terry Bradshaw retired from the National Football League. Bradshaw, age 35, was forced to the sidelines by an elbow injury. Following a divorce from ice skater Jo Jo Starbuck, Bradshaw joined CBS as a football analyst.

1985 - Walt Disney's The Black Cauldron opened in movie houses around the country. The film was the 25th full-length cartoon produced by the Disney Studios in Burbank, CA and was its most expensive to that time. The Black Cauldron cost Disney $25 million to produce.

1987 - Hulda Crooks, at 91 years of age, climbed Mt. Fuji. Hulda became the oldest person to climb Japan's highest peak. When she got to the top, she was heard to say, "Hey, dudes -- how do I get down from here?"

1998 - "In the last great invasion of the last great war, the greatest danger for eight men ... was saving one." That one was one Private James Ryan and the story of the search for him, Saving Private Ryan, opened in U.S. theatres this day. Produced and directed by one Steven Spielberg, the movie earned $30.58 million the first weekend.

2001 - The city of Detroit, Michigan celebrated its 300th anniversary with a historical reenactment of city founder Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac landing on the shores of the Detroit River. Included in the tricentennial party, the unveiling of a statue of Cadillac: a gift of the French-American Chamber of Commerce to the city of Detroit. Happy birthday Motor City!

July 24th - Asia

1972 Jigme Singye Wangchuk becomes king of Bhutan at 16
Jigme Singye Wangchuk became King of Bhutan on this day at the age of 16 after the death of his father, King Jigme Dorjee. The young king's title, "Druk Gyalpo" means "Precious Ruler of the Dragon People," the fourth in a dynasty that has ruled Bhutan since 1907. For years Bhutan, an isolated Himalayan kingdom landlocked between China and India, has sought to preserve its culture. Men and women are required to wear traditional robe-like dress. Buildings - public and private - conform to orthodox style, often decorated with religious symbols. In 1985, Gandhi signed a peace contract with Sikh leader Harchand Singh Longowai.

July 24th - Canada

1984 LEADERS SPAR IN FIRST FRENCH TV DEBATE
Montreal Quebec - Federal party leaders Ed Broadbent, Brian Mulroney & John Turner meet in the first French-language television debate.

1534 Also On This Day...
Penouille Point Quebec -
Jacques Cartier 1491-1557 lands at rocky Penouille Point on the Gaspé coast; erects 10 metre high cross, bearing fleur-de-lys and motto 'Vive le Roy de France'; takes possession of the mainland of Canada in the name of François I; Donnacona, the Iroquois chief at Stadacona (Quebec) will later protest against Cartier's declaration.

In Other Events....
1996 Atlanta Georgia - Canada's Marianne Limpert wins Olympic silver in the 200M individual medley.
1995 New York City - Regina filling station attendant Dick Assman (pronounced OSS-man) appears to great hilarity on CBS's Late Show With David Letterman, introducing a dumb ad segment; Assman works at the Petro-Canada at the corner of Victoria and Fleet.
1992 Ottawa Ontario - Defense Minister Marcel Masse announces 13 year $4.4 billion purchase of new EH-101 military helicopters to replace aging Sea Kings.
1991 Sept-Isles, Quebec - Quebec police find over 270 barrels of hashish floating in the St. Lawrence, after smugglers try to transfer the drugs from a tug onto life rafts; over 25 people from Vermont, Holland and the Philippines are later arrested.
1991 Lac Ste Anne Alberta - Douglas Crosby asks forgiveness for abuse suffered by native children in 60 Oblate schools since 1880s; President of Oblate Conference of Canada.
1988 St. John's Newfoundland - Emma Houlston lands single engine plane; youngest person to fly across Canada; nine year old from Medicine Hat, Alberta; took off from Victoria July 10; her father the navigator and official pilot-in-command.
1988 Edmonton Alberta - Group of thirsty Edmontonians whip up the world's largest milk shake ever; weighing 54,914 pounds, 13 ounces, the shake uses 44,689 lb, 8 oz of ice cream, 9,688 lb, 2 oz of syrup, and 537 lb, 3 oz of topping
1984 Montreal Quebec - Party leaders John Turner, Brian Mulroney & Ed Broadbent meet in a French-language television debate; first time in Canadian history.
1972 Ottawa Ontario - Ottawa to undertake national survey of 4 hazardous pollutants: lead, beryllium, mercury, asbestos.
1967 Montreal Ontario - General Charles de Gaulle shouts the separatist slogan 'Vive le Quebec libre' from the balcony of Montreal's City Hall; French President touches off a diplomatic row as PM Pearson protests the remarks; two days later, de Gaulle abruptly cancels his official visit to Ottawa and returns to France.
1964 Ottawa Ontario - First reporter from the New China News Agency arrives in Canada.
1961 Ottawa Ontario - Louis Rasminsky 1908- appointed Governor of the Bank of Canada.
1958 Winnipeg Manitoba - CCF convention accepts a Canadian Labour Congress proposal to found a 'people's political movement' to be called the New Democratic Party.
1943 Hamburg Germany - Bomber Command launches week-long Operation Gomorrah on German port of Hamburg; using new device called 'Window' to counter Nazi radar; concentrated heavy bombing by the RAF and RCAF leaves 20,000 dead.
1941 Arvida Quebec - Workers go on strike at the Aluminium Company's plant at Arvida.
1940 Winnipeg Manitoba - Fall of France causes 30¢ drop in Winnipeg wheat price.
1917 Ottawa Ontario - House of Commons gives third reading to Conscription Act.
1895 Fort Constantine Yukon - NWMP constable Charles Constantine builds Fort Constantine at junction of Forty-mile Creek and Yukon River.
1885 Regina Saskatchewan - William Henry Jackson found not guilty of treason by reason of insanity for involvement in North West Rebellion; sent to a lunatic asylum in Manitoba.
1862 Edmonton Alberta - Party of 150 men and one woman arrive in Fort Edmonton on the way to travel overland to the Cariboo gold fields in BC; the Overlanders note the scarcity of buffalo on the plains, and find more beef than pemmican available in the Hudson's Bay Company store.
1860 St. John's, Newfoundland - Albert Edward, the Prince of Wales, arrives in Newfoundland to begin his North American visit; later King Edward VII.
1846 Toronto Ontario - First Canadian demonstration of the electric telegraph at Toronto city hall.
1814 Niagara Falls, Ontario - General Phineas Riall advances by night toward Niagara with 1,000 men to hold back Jacob Brown's American invaders; he is greatly outnumbered and waits for reinforcements from Kingston under General Sir Gordon Drummond 1771-1854.
1790 Nootka Sound BC - Spanish agree to compensate Britain for ships seized in Nootka Sound.
1788 Kingston Ontario - Guy Carleton, Lord Dorchester 1724-1808 divides Upper Canada into four judicial districts: Lunenburg, Mecklenburg, Nassau, and Hesse; judge and sheriff appointed for each.
1775 Montreal Quebec - Guy Carleton, Lord Dorchester 1724-1808 conscripts 6,000 French Canadians to fight off the potential American invasion.
1766 Oswego New York - Pontiac makes peace with Sir William Johnson at the Treaty of Oswego.
1759 La Belle Famille, Quebec - William Johnson defeats François de Lignery, coming to aid Niagara, at La Belle Famille; de Lignery dies of his wounds four days later.
1759 Youngstown, New York: - Lieutenant Colonel Massey arrives outside French Fort Niagara with extra troops; the incoming French reinforcements will be stopped by a volley of musket fire, and attacked by Johnson's Indian allies; Pierre Pouchot will surrender the French garrison the following day.
1759 Quebec Quebec - Over 15,000 cannon balls have hit Quebec from the English forces across the St. Lawrence at Lévis.
1749 Montreal Quebec - Swedish naturalist Pierre Kalm arrives at Montreal.
1701 Detroit Michigan - Antoine Laumet de Lamothe Cadillac 1658-1730 builds Fort Detroit; new settlement becomes main commercial crossroad of the Great Lakes.
1629 Quebec Quebec - Samuel de Champlain c1570-1635 leaves Quebec for England, a prisoner of the Kirke brothers; next day, the Kirkes capture Emery de Caen's supply ship.
1578 Frobisher Bay NWT - Martin Frobisher c1539-1594 assembles fleet back in Frobisher Bay, which he calls Countess of Warwick Sound

2000: Concorde crash kills 113

Concorde crashes minutes after take-off from Charles de Gaulle airport near Paris killing 113 people.

Test tube 1978: First-ever 'test tube baby' born
The birth of the world's first "test tube baby" is announced in Manchester, England.

Mussolini in army uniform 1943: Italian dictator Mussolini quits
The Italian dictator, Benito Mussolini, steps down as head of the armed forces and the government.

Elderly woman with facial injuries 1993: Failed Bosnian ceasefire threatens peace
The latest UN ceasefire in Bosnia is broken with shelling from both sides in Sarajevo.

Senator Edward Kennedy 1969: Kennedy pleads guilty over car crash
Senator Edward Kennedy's political career is in doubt after he pleads guilty to leaving the scene of a crime following the Chappaquiddick car crash.

1989: Diana opens Landmark Aids Centre
The Princess of Wales opens a new Aids centre in south-east London.

1978: Motability gets moving in the UK
A new scheme providing cars for disabled people is launched in Earl's Court, London.

326 - Constantine refused to carry out the traditional pagan sacrifices.

1394 - Charles VI of France issued a decree for the general expulsion of Jews from France.

1564 - Maximillian II became emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.

1587 - Japanese strong-man Hideyoshi banned Christianity in Japan and ordered all Christians to leave.

1593 - France's King Henry IV converted from Protestantism to Roman Catholicism.

1759 - British forces defeated a French army at Fort Niagara in Canada.

1799 - Napoleon Bonaparte defeated the Ottomans at Aboukir, Egypt.

1805 - Aaron Burr visited New Orleans with plans to establish a new country, with New Orleans as the capital city.

1845 - China granted Belgium equal trading rights with Britain, France and the United States.

1850 - In Worcester, MA, Harvard and Yale University freshmen met in the first intercollegiate billiards match.

1850 - Gold was discovered in the Rogue River in Oregon.

1854 - The paper collar was patented by Walter Hunt.

1861 - The Crittenden Resolution, which called for the American Civil War to be fought to preserve the Union and not for slavery, was passed by the U.S. Congress.

1866 - Ulysses S. Grant was named General of the Army. He was the first American officer to hold the rank.

1868 - The U.S. Congress passed an act creating the Wyoming Territory.

1871 - Seth Wheeler patented perforated wrapping paper.

1907 - Korea became a protectorate of Japan.

1909 - French aviator Louis Bleriot flew across the English Channel in a monoplane. He traveled from Calais to Dover in 37 minutes. He was the first man to fly across the channel.

1914 - Russia declared that it would act to protect Serbian sovereignty.

1924 - Greece announced the deportation of 50,000 Armenians.

1934 - Austrian chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss was shot and killed by Nazis.

1939 - W2XBS TV in New York City presented the first musical comedy seen on TV. The show was "Topsy and Eva".

1941 - The U.S. government froze all Japanese and Chinese assets.

1943 - Italian Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini was overthrown in a coup.

1946 - The U.S. detonated an atomic bomb at Bikini Atoll in the Pacific. It was the first underwater test of the device.

1946 - Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis staged their first show as a team at Club 500 in Atlantic City, NJ.

1947 - Fortune Gordien of Oslo, Norway set a world record discus throw of 178.47 feet.

1952 - Puerto Rico became a self-governing commonwealth of the U.S.

1956 - The Italian liner Andrea Doria sank after colliding with the Swedish ship Stockholm off the New England coast. 51 people were killed.

1978 - Louise Joy Brown, the first test-tube baby, was born in Oldham, England. She had been conceived through in-vitro fertilization.

1978 - Pete Rose of the Cincinnati Red's broke the National League record for consecutive base hits as he got a hit in 38 straight games.

1984 - Soviet cosmonaut Svetlana Savitskaya became the first woman to walk in space. She was aboard the orbiting space station Salyut 7.

1987 - The Salt Lake City Trappers set a professional baseball record as the team won its 29th game in a row.

1994 - Israel and Jordan formally ended the state of war that had existed between them since 1948.

1997 - K.R. Narayanan became India's president. He was the first member of the Dalits caste to do so.

1998 - The USS Harry S. Truman was commissioned and put into service by the U.S. Navy.

1998 - U.S. President Clinton was subpoenaed to appear before a federal grand jury regarding the Monica Lewinsky case. The subpoena was withdrawn when Clinton agreed to give videotaped testimony with his lawyers present.

1999 - Lance Armstrong won the Tour de France. He was only the second American to win the race. He won the race again in 2000.

2000 - A supersonic Concorde crashed outside Paris, France, killing all 109 people aboard and 5 on the ground.

1360 Jews are expelled from Breslau Silesia
1593 France's Protestant King Henri IV converts to Roman Catholic
1670 Jews are expelled from Vienna Austria
1729 North Carolina becomes royal colony
1759 British capture Fort Niagara from French (7 Years' War)
1775 Maryland issues currency depicting George III trampling Magna Carta
1799 French-Egyptian forces under Napolean I beat Turks at Battle of Abukir
1814 Battle of Niagara Falls (Lundy's Lane); Americans defeat British
1822 Gen Agust¡n de Iturbide crowned Agust¡n I, 1st emperor of M‚xico
1832 1st railroad accident in US, Granite Railway, Quincy, Mass-1 dies
1860 1st US intercollegiate billard match (Harvard vs Yales)
1866 US Grant named 1st general of Army
1868 Territory of Wyoming created
1871 Carrousel patented by Wilhelm Schneider, Davenport, Iowa
1898 1st US troops land & occupy Puerto Rice, at Guanica Bay
1903 Castle on top of Telegraph Hill closes
1909 France's Louis Bl‚riot, makes 1st airplane flight across Engl Channel
1912 Comoros proclaimed a French colonies
1913 Carl Weilman strikes out 6 times in a 15 inning game
1913 Pirates Max Carey goes hitless, but scores 5 runs against Phillies
1916 Explosion at Lake Erie & Cleveland Waterworks
1918 Annette Adams sworn in as 1st woman district attorney of US, Calif
1918 Race riot in Chester Pennsylvania (3 blacks & 2 whites killed)
1920 Red Sox turn triple-play, but Ruth's 35th HR leads Yanks to 8-2 win
1930 Phila Athletics triple steal in the 1st & 4th innings vs Cleveland
1935 C Jackson discovers asteroid #1641 Tana
1936 115 acre Orchard Beach opens in the Bronx
1936 G Neujmin discovers asteroid #3761
1939 NY Yankee Atley Donald sets AL rookie record with 12 consecutive win
1940 John Sigmund begins swimming for 89 hrs 46 mins in the Mississippi R
1941 Red Sox Lefty Grove becomes 12th to win 300 games (his last victory)
1943 Benito Mussolini dismissed as premier of Italy during WW II
1944 1st jet fighter used in combat (Messerschmitt 262)
1946 1st bikini is shown at a Paris fashion show
1946 US detonates underwater A-bomb at Bikini (5th atomic explosion)
1947 US Air Force, Navy & War Dept form US Dept of Defense
1947 US Deptartment of the Army created
1949 St Louis Cardinal Stan Musial hits for thew cycle beating Bkln 14-1
1950 Goethe Link Observatory discovers asteroids #1799 Koussevitzky,
#1822 Waterman & #2842
1951 L Boyer discovers asteroid #1714 Sy
1952 Commonwealth of Puerto Rico created (Constitution Day)
1952 Goethe Link Observatory discovers asteroid #1788 Kiess
1953 NYC transit fare rises from 10 to 15, 1st use of subway tokens
1956 Andria Doria collided with MS Stockholm & sank. (7/26?)
1956 Italian liner Andrea Doria sank after colliding with the Stockholm
1956 Jordanians attack UN Palestine truce
1957 Monarchy in Tunisa abolished in favor of a republic
1958 "Sensational" Sherri Martel wins wrestling's WWF woman's title
1961 Maris hits home runs 37, 38, 39 & 40 in a double header
1963 US, Russia & England sign nuclear test ban treaty
1964 Beatles' "Hard Day's Night, A," album goes #1 & stays #1 for 14 weeks
1964 Race riot in Rochester NY
1965 Folk-rock begins, Dylan uses electricity at Newport Folk Festival
1966 Supremes release "You Can't Hurry Love"
1966 Yankee manager Casey Stengel elected to Hall of Fame
1967 Construction begins on SF MUNI METRO (Market Street subway)
1968 H Wroblewski discovers asteroid #1993 Guacolda
1968 Pope Paul VI encyclical On the regulation of birth
1969 70,000 attend Seattle Pop Festival
1972 NL beats AL 4-3 in 43rd All Star Game (Fulton County Stad, Atlanta)
1972 US health officials concede blacks were used as guinea pigs in
40 year syphillis experiment
1973 George Harrison pays œ1,000,000 tax on his Bangladesh concert & album
1973 USSR launches Mars 5
1974 T Smirnova discovers asteroid #2345 Fucik
1975 "A Chorus Line," longest-running Broadway show (6,137), premiers
1978 Bob Lemon replaces Billy Martin as Yankee manager
1978 Cin Red Pete Rose sets NL record hitting in 38 consecutive games
1981 Voyager 2 encounters Saturn
1983 1st nonhuman primate (baboon) conceived in a lab dish, San Antonio
1983 Washington Public Power Supply System defaulted $2.25 billion
1984 Cosmonaut Svetlana Savitskaya became 1st woman to walk in space
1985 Spokeswoman for Rock Hudson confirmed he had AIDS
1987 Sherri Martel beats Fabulous Moolah for WWF Woman's Championship Belt
1987 USSR launches Kosmos 1870, 15-ton Earth-study satellite
1990 KC Royal George Brett hits for the cycle
1990 Nadezhda Ryashkina of USSR sets 10K walk woman's record (41:56.23)
1990 Roseanne Barr sings the National Anthem at San Diego Padre game
1990 US Ambassador tells Iraq, US won't take sides in Iraq-Kuwait dispute
1991 Howard Stern adds a 4th radio market (Los Angeles)
1992 25th Olympic Summer games opens in Barcelona, Spain

1783 Revolutionary Simon Bolivar was born in Caracas, Venezuela.

1847 Mormon leader Brigham Young and his followers arrived in the valley of the Great Salt Lake in present-day Utah.

1862 Martin Van Buren, the eighth president of the United States, died in Kinderhook, N.Y., a age 79.

1866 Tennessee became the first state to be readmitted to the Union after the Civil War.

1923 The Treaty of Lausanne, which settled the boundaries of modern Turkey, was concluded in Switzerland.

1929 President Herbert Hoover proclaimed the Kellogg-Briand Pact, which renounced war as an instrument of foreign policy.

1937 The state of Alabama dropped charges against five black men accused of raping two white women in the Scottsboro case.

1969 The Apollo 11 astronauts, two of whom had been the first men to set foot on the moon, splashed down safely in the Pacific.

1974 The U.S. Supreme Court unanimously ruled that President Richard Nixon had to turn over subpoenaed White House tape recordings to the Watergate special prosecutor.

1990 Iraq massed tens of thousands of troops and hundreds of tanks along its border with Kuwait.

1997 Retired Supreme Court Justice William J. Brennan died at age 91.

1998 A gunman opened fire in the U.S. Capitol, killing two police officers before being shot and captured.

2002 The House expelled Ohio Rep. James Traficant, who had been convicted of bribery, racketeering and tax evasion.

2002 Nine coal miners became trapped in a flooded mine in western Pennsylvania; they were rescued three days later.

July 25th - Asia

1969 Nixon doctrine announced
On this day, what became known as the "Nixon Doctrine" was made public. The Doctrine had a considerable impact on the Vietnam War since it advocated U.S. military and economic assistance to nations around the world fighting against any communist force. Significantly, Nixon stated that this support did not include any further "Vietnam-style" ground wars involving American troops. Instead emphasis was placed on local military self-sufficiency, backed by U.S. air power and technical force. This period is often referred to as the "Vietnamization" of the American effort there, since it shifted the burden of fighting from American troops to the South Vietnamese.