From Mayberry to Martial Law: The Transfer of Military Surplus to Domestic Police
“The means of defense against foreign danger, have been always the instruments of tyranny at home.” – James Madison, the Federalist Papers
As Americans, we’ve always been leery of using the military to police our citizens. But some critics say that the “militarization of law enforcement” is happening right in front of our eyes. Media coverage of the protests in Ferguson, Missouri, after the controversial police killing of teenager Michael Brown, displayed the St. Louis County law enforcement agencies as a well-armed paramilitary force. But if the Founding Fathers were so worried about a threat of domestic tyranny, how did we get here? We took a look to figure it out.
SO WHAT DOES LOCAL LAW ENFORCEMENT HAVE TO DO WITH THE UNITED STATES MILITARY?
In 1997, Congress passed the National Defense Authorization Act. Tucked away in that law is the 1033 Program.
The 1033 Program allows the Law Enforcement Support Office to transfer excess Department of Defense property to law enforcement agencies across the United States and its territories.
The Law Enforcement Support Office (LESO) serves as a bridge between the U.S. military and local law enforcement agencies and is overseen by the Pentagon.
The 1033 Program started with the War on Drugs. Congress decided that if law enforcement personnel were waging a drug war, they needed to be outfitted like warriors.
In fact, the LESO slogan is: “Transferring Property from the Warfighter to the Crimefighter”
As well as: “Get with the Program”
HOW MUCH SURPLUS ARE WE TALKING ABOUT HERE?
By the end of 2014, the 1033 Program will have transferred over $5 billion worth of military property to the police.
Through June of 2014, the 1033 Program had transferred almost $750 million (¾ of a billion dollars) worth of equipment.
That’s nearly double 2013’s entire yearly total of $450 million!
(But to really put it into perspective) It’s around the same dollar value as all of the equipment transferred in the program from the year 2000 until 2007!
At this rate, 1.5 billion dollars of military surplus will be transferred to domestic police forces in 2014 alone. That’s almost one third (30%) of the entire 17 years worth of transfers… in one year!
[According to the LESO, an original acquisition value “refers to the amount the military services paid for the property.”]
YEAR Original Acquisition Value
1997 Total $ 205,474,839.28
1998 Total $ 426,077,452.12
1999 Total $ 166,117,746.40
2000 Total $ 125,340,214.14
2001 Total $ 62,566,490.56
2002 Total $ 73,201,282.38
2003 Total $ 83,128,961.00
2004 Total $ 86,084,149.32
2005 Total $ 73,743,342.20
2006 Total $ 83,080,446.46
2007 Total $ 111,657,881.88
2008 Total $ 145,317,757.26
2009 Total $ 207,313,469.12
2010 Total $ 212,633,216.52
2011 Total $ 498,536,707.13
2012 Total $ 569,948,230.88
2013 Total $ 449,309,003.71
2014 Jan-June $ 752,263,089.32
2014 July-Dec (Projected) $ 752,263,089.32
Total $5,084,057,369.00
BUT THE POLICE DEPARTMENTS ONLY GET WHAT THEY NEED, RIGHT?
According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, there’s around 18,000 total local law enforcement agencies in the United States.
The LESO claims that around 8,000 of those agencies (nearly half of US police departments) are involved in the program.
But the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) says that there’s actually around 17,000 agencies (about 94%) that have received property from the Department of Defense.
The ACLU might be on to something: The Department of Defense admits that the LESO records are far from accurate: An Inspector General logistics report took a random sample of equipment transfer records and found that 3 out of 4 (74%) were incorrect. Here’s the breakdown:
43% – police received more property than they were approved for
21% – no approval record at all
8% – mismatched data entry errors
2% – police received less property than they were approved for
Only 26% were correctly accounted for
This could explain the case of the phantom MRAP
During the Ferguson protests, a LENCO-brand Mine-Resistant-Ambush-Protected (or MRAP) “Bearcat” vehicle was photographed in the streets.
But Mike O’Connell, the communications director for the Missouri Department of Public Safety told Newsweek that he “does not know” where it came from since St. Louis County law enforcement agencies have not acquired any MRAPs through the 1033 Program.
This mystery MRAP wasn’t cheap, either: the vehicles come with a $733,000 sticker price.
St. Louis County police are not the only ones acquiring MRAPs.
There are over 600 MRAPs across the U.S.
State Number of MRAPs
TX 68
FL 45
CA 40
OH 36
TN 30
OK 28
WI 24
MO 20
NM 20
LA 19
SC 19
AR 17
MI 17
WA 17
IL 16
VA 16
IA 14
AZ 13
GA 12
IN 12
AL 11
CT 11
CO 9
NY 9
MN 7
OR 7
PA 7
ID 6
UT 6
KS 5
NC 5
NV 5
HI 3
KY 3
MD 3
ME 3
WY 3
MA 2
MT 2
ND 2
NE 2
SD 2
MS 1
NJ 1
VT 1
WV 1
Pine County Minnesota (Population: 29,218) acquired a MRAP in 2013 to use for search and rescue operations in Pine County’s swampy areas. It has since been used for a zombie apocalypse training event.
Ohio State University Police got one in order to provide “presence” on football game days.
But its not just MRAPs that local law enforcement agencies are picking up from LESO. They can acquire anything from small arms pistols to grenade launchers.
Bloomingdale, Georgia (population 2,713) received four grenade launchers through the 1033 Program. Bloomingdale Police Chief Roy Pike explains that it’s a way to send a message—that “officers are armed to meet any threat,” but admits that in the 20 years he’s served Bloomingdale, the police force has never “had to use deadly force against anybody.”
Police forces in Keene, New Hampshire (population 23,000) justified their acquisition of an armored tactical vehicle as integral to the town’s safety, saying they needed it to patrol the annual Pumpkin Festival “and other dangerous situations.”
The tiny farming community of Morven, Georgia (population 532) has grabbed over $4 million worth of surplus including three boats, scuba gear, rescue rafts, and dozens of life preservers. The town’s deepest body of water is an ankle-deep creek.
DON’T THEY NEED IT TO FIGHT TERRORISM HERE AT HOME THOUGH?
Oxford County in rural western Maine received an MRAP through the program along with six other law enforcement agencies across the state. Oxford County Sheriff George Cayer explained that “the western foothills of Maine … currently face a previously unimaginable threat from terrorist activities.”
It seems that $218 million wasn’t enough for Sheriff Cayer and the rest of Maine’s local law enforcement to fight against such “unimaginable” threats of domestic terrorism—that’s the amount of money shelled out by the Department of Homeland Security since the department’s inception in 2002.
In fact, the entire nation has received over $34 billion in federal grants to help local police forces combat terrorist activities.
State 2002-2011 Total Grants for Homeland Security
Alabama $479,437,865
Alaska $180,128,050
Arizona $564,589,166
Arkansas $280,947,013
California $3,880,698,360
Colorado $386,346,357
Connecticut $668,229,537
Delaware $255,230,006
District of Columbia $924,947,169
Florida $1,373,886,414
Georgia $693,345,500
Hawaii $235,292,142
Idaho $190,786,984
Illinois $1,512,129,744
Indiana $550,290,456
Iowa $292,810,571
Kansas $253,602,413
Kentucky $404,938,321
Louisiana $725,418,487
Maine $217,957,904
Maryland $640,855,402
Massachusetts $875,505,039
Michigan $769,066,302
Minnesota $498,828,975
Mississippi $442,768,142
Missouri $631,725,224
Montana $199,976,009
Nebraska $219,854,279
Nevada $282,421,603
New Hampshire $188,771,941
New Jersey $1,611,123,110
New Mexico $206,066,097
New York $3,914,644,434
North Carolina $657,983,526
North Dakota $163,133,714
Ohio $953,550,297
Oklahoma $323,382,825
Oregon $391,847,325
Pennsylvania $1,351,440,033
Rhode Island $215,994,509
South Carolina $393,729,244
South Dakota $161,183,202
Tennessee $504,951,096
Texas $2,240,220,109
Utah $228,058,395
Vermont $149,527,359
Virginia $769,870,320
Washington $850,905,098
West Virginia $240,225,426
Wisconsin $456,851,834
Wyoming $144,104,717
HOW CAN THESE SMALL TOWNS AFFORD THREE-QUARTER-MILLION-DOLLAR ARMORED FIGHTING VEHICLES?
The price tag is “FREE.”
All this equipment is considered surplus “there is no cost to local taxpayers since they’ve already paid for the equipment with their federal taxes.” The law enforcement agencies that receive it pay for the shipping and maintenance. That’s it!
The Pentagon says that more than 1/3 of everything transferred through the 1033 Program is brand new.
So instead of small towns across the nation paying sticker price, they’re receiving the equipment at a fraction of the cost.
Watertown, Connecticut (population 22,514) recently acquired its own MRAP for shipping and maintenance costs of$2,800. Talk about a fire sale—that’s an unbelievable 99.6% discount!
ISN’T IT BETTER TO USE THIS EQUIPMENT INSTEAD OF DESTROYING IT?
Not so, according to four-star Marine General Joseph F. Dunford, Jr.:
MRAPs cost around $10,000 to destroy in the field (in places like Afghanistan and Iraq).
But it can cost up to $50,000 to bring each one back to the States.
In other words, the tax payers could save $40,000 per MRAP by destroying them in the field!
With 600 MRAPs in the U.S., that’s a 24 million dollars loss for just one type of surplus product transferred.
[ (cost to ship:$50,000 x 600 = $30 million) - (cost to destroy:$10,000 x 600 = $6 million) = ($24 million) ]
SO HOW CAN MY CRIMEFIGHTERS “GET WITH THE PROGRAM”?
It’s easy!
Your local law enforcement agency can just go online to the LESO website and create a shopping cart for everything from tactical body armor, sniper rifles, patrol boats, pepper spray, zip ties, pistols, grenade launchers, or even aircraft!
Now, getting an armored personnel carrier is a bit tougher—there’s an entire one-page form to fill out. But your police department will need to make some tough choices, including a check box to specify their preference for a vehicle with wheels (like an MRAP) or tracks (like a tank).
Don’t forget, the 1033 Program was started to combat the War on Drugs.
So when they’re filling out the form, your local agency can better its chances of receiving a vehicle by determining if their jurisdiction falls within one of the 28 High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas determined by the DEA—it’s a zone that includes2 out of 3 (60%) people in the contiguous U.S. Which means if they didn’t have an excuse to look like a warrior, they do now. Just click the “yes” box.
Once they get with the program, your crimefighters will start receiving weapons of war in no time!
Martial Law
Sources:
http://www.dispositionservices.dla.mil/leso/Pages/default.aspx
http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2014/08/14/the-pentagon-gave-nearly-half-a-billion-dollars-of-military-gear-to-local-law-enforcement-last-year/
http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/csllea08.pdf
https://www.aclu.org/sites/default/files/assets/jus14-warcomeshome-report-web-rel1.pdf
Defense Logistics Agency spreadsheet information courtesy of WSJ Reporter Rani Molla
http://blogs.wsj.com/numbers/military-supply-donations-to-local-police-at-highest-ever-in-2014-1483
http://www.newsweek.com/how-americas-police-became-army-1033-program-264537
http://www.dodig.mil/audit/reports/fy03/03-101.pdf
http://www.npr.org/2014/08/15/340700359/drawing-on-pentagon-surplus-police-now-wield-weapons-of-war
http://www.ajc.com/news/news/military-equipment-flowing-to-local-law-enforcemen/nT7ZK/
http://www.dodbuzz.com/2014/03/14/u-s-must-demolish-thousands-of-its-vehicles-in-afghanistan/
http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/DC-Decoder/2014/0816/Ferguson-How-Pentagon-s-1033-program-helped-militarize-small-town-police-video
http://militarization.apps.cironline.org/
http://www.justice.gov/dea/ops/hidta.shtml
http://www.dispositionservices.dla.mil/leso/Documents/LESO%20Forms/vehiclerequest.pdf
http://www.startribune.com/local/271538471.html
http://bigstory.ap.org/article/ap-impact-little-restraint-military-giveaways
http://www.presstv.com/detail/2013/10/08/328195/us-small-towns-buy-heavily-armored-mrap/
http://www.scribd.com/doc/231044034/Does-your-county-have-an-MRAP
http://www.freep.com/article/20140817/NEWS06/140726001
This infographic was created by the folks at
http://www.criminaljusticedegreehub.com. Criminal Justice Degree Hub
