2
   

Consciousness is a Biological Problem

 
 
Pathfinder
 
  1  
Reply Wed 19 Aug, 2009 08:10 pm
@Kielicious,
Oden,

You are killing me, elf poop? ahhaha What a rig.

Look man, evolution IS a theory. So are all of these things you are clinging to like a religious fanatic. You are no different in your fervor to believe than any other believer. Especially if you do not know that evolution is an ongoing theory that is still being debated by scientists all around the globe.

Cmon man, lets try to remain in some level of intelligence here so we can chat rationally okay.

Rich,

here is where we can begin. Just cut and paste it.

http://www.philosophyforum.com/philosophy-forums/branches-philosophy/philosophy-mind/3673-thought-self-awareness.html
0 Replies
 
odenskrigare
 
  1  
Reply Wed 19 Aug, 2009 08:12 pm
@richrf,
richrf;84435 wrote:
If you like spontaneous emergence, then that is fine with me. It can be a neuron figuring out how to cook a good meal, or God creating Man. Both are good stories. Personally, I find the God story more fun.


it's not a neuron rich

it's a whole network of them

don't you think 100 billion neurons can do at least a little more than one

given that intelligence appears to scale more or less according to brain body mass ratios across species I'd say more is better in some sense

richrf;84435 wrote:
As for physical, well you have to define physical. I am thinking that mass was equivalent to energy


energy is physical too

nowhere to hide

---------- Post added 08-19-2009 at 10:18 PM ----------

Pathfinder;84437 wrote:
Look man, evolution IS a theory.


yes it is

so is cell theory

so is the theory of gravity

do you see people disputing that we are made of cells?

not really

would it make me a "religious fanatic" to defend cell theory against someone attacking it, given how useful it is for us?

no

Pathfinder;84437 wrote:
Especially if you do not know that evolution is an ongoing theory that is still being debated by scientists all around the globe


what scientists, where

Duane T. Gish doesn't count

Pathfinder;84437 wrote:
Cmon man, lets try to remain in some level of intelligence here so we can chat rationally okay


Dunning?Kruger effect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

this is your posting in a nutshell imo

  1. Incompetent individuals tend to overestimate their own level of skill.
  2. Incompetent individuals fail to recognize genuine skill in others.
  3. Incompetent individuals fail to recognize the extremity of their inadequacy.
  4. If they can be trained to substantially improve their own skill level, these individuals can recognize and acknowledge their own previous lack of skill.

well there's some light at the end of the tunnel
Pathfinder
 
  1  
Reply Wed 19 Aug, 2009 08:34 pm
@Kielicious,
use that wikipedia to look up the defintion of theory Oden.

and while your at it use it to look up the defintion of scientific hypothesis,lol.

I value scientific research as much as anyone and understand its value Oden, I just also understand that most science is a constant state of restructure and experimentation.

One million experiements having one result can be completely obliterated by that one time that the result is the exact opposite. THAT is what science is all about my friend and you dont seem to have learned that yet.

I find it hard to believe that someone of your seeming intelligence is not aware of that, and considering that you playfully ask " what scientists, where?" , I am left to assume that you are now just stringing us along for the fun of it.

If not, I suggest that you really venture into these studies that you are using as your irrefutable evidence and deliberately find out what opposing science there may be by other prominent physicists and experts on the subject. You would not take my word for it anyway would you.

---------- Post added 08-19-2009 at 09:36 PM ----------

odenskrigare;84436 wrote:
well in some sense you carry on past lives through your DNA

somewhere I probably have a wee bit of the Saxons who killed Vortigern and his men in me



I'm Welsh, there is NO WAY that you can possibly have Saxon in you! lol

---------- Post added 08-19-2009 at 09:37 PM ----------

my ancestors are right out of The Black Country. Just like the color of my mind.
paulhanke
 
  1  
Reply Wed 19 Aug, 2009 08:40 pm
@odenskrigare,
odenskrigare;84426 wrote:
I don't think anyone's saying that


... check post 313 Smile

odenskrigare;84426 wrote:
the point remains that quantum effects apparently play no role in neural computation


... I'm curious as to how many experiments have actually bothered to look for anything but deterministic mechanism in the brain? ... my guess is not many, seeing as how there are no "inexplicable measurable efficiencies" (akin to the one for photosynthesis) that would provoke a scientist into proposing a hypothesis that would actually search for the existence of such ... the elephant in the room, however, is that for all of our understanding of deterministic mechanism in the brain we still can't explain how the brain is linked to the mind - which from a philosophical standpoint is enough of a reason to explore beyond our preconceived notions (e.g., that deterministic mechanism is sufficient to explain mind; that mind is completely brain-bound; etc.) ...

P.S. before I get misunderstood, by saying we should explore beyond our preconceived notion that mind is completely brain-bound, I am not implying immaterial mind - merely the notion that mind can enlist elements of body and world into its cognitions.
Pathfinder
 
  1  
Reply Wed 19 Aug, 2009 09:02 pm
@paulhanke,
paulhanke;84444 wrote:
... check post 313 Smile



... I'm curious as to how many experiments have actually bothered to look for anything but deterministic mechanism in the brain? ... my guess is not many, seeing as how there are no "inexplicable measurable efficiencies" (akin to the one for photosynthesis) that would provoke a scientist into proposing a hypothesis that would actually search for the existence of such ... the elephant in the room, however, is that for all of our understanding of deterministic mechanism in the brain we still can't explain how the brain is linked to the mind - which from a philosophical standpoint is enough of a reason to explore beyond our preconceived notions (e.g., that deterministic mechanism is sufficient to explain mind; that mind is completely brain-bound; etc.) ...

P.S. before I get misunderstood, by saying we should explore beyond our preconceived notion that mind is completely brain-bound, I am not implying immaterial mind - merely the notion that mind can enlist elements of body and world into its cognitions.



nO wAY, wAIT A MINUTE HERE, did he just say

"proposing a hypothesis"

You just did that on purpose!
0 Replies
 
odenskrigare
 
  1  
Reply Wed 19 Aug, 2009 09:04 pm
@paulhanke,
Pathfinder;84441 wrote:
One million experiements having one result can be completely obliterated by that one time that the result is the exact opposite. THAT is what science is all about my friend and you dont seem to have learned that yet.


there is no falsification before emergence of a better theory

the current consensus in neuroscience is that the brain is a kind of computer and there's scads of data to support that view

the burden of proof is on you to overturn it

Pathfinder;84441 wrote:
I find it hard to believe that someone of your seeming intelligence is not aware of that, and considering that you playfully ask " what scientists, where?" , I am left to assume that you are now just stringing us along for the fun of it.


no really

Pathfinder;84441 wrote:
If not, I suggest that you really venture into these studies that you are using as your irrefutable evidence and deliberately find out what opposing science there may be by other prominent physicists and experts on the subject. You would not take my word for it anyway would you.


no I wouldn't the burden of proof is on YOU

Pathfinder;84441 wrote:
I'm Welsh, there is NO WAY that you can possibly have Saxon in you! lol


huh that makes no sense

paulhanke;84444 wrote:
... check post 313 Smile


link please

paulhanke;84444 wrote:
... I'm curious as to how many experiments have actually bothered to look for anything but deterministic mechanism in the brain? ... my guess is not many, seeing as how there are no "inexplicable measurable efficiencies" (akin to the one for photosynthesis) that would provoke a scientist into proposing a hypothesis that would actually search for the existence of such ... the elephant in the room, however, is that for all of our understanding of deterministic mechanism in the brain we still can't explain how the brain is linked to the mind - which from a philosophical standpoint is enough of a reason to explore beyond our preconceived notions (e.g., that deterministic mechanism is sufficient to explain mind; that mind is completely brain-bound; etc.) ...


quantum physics isn't going to solve the hard problem of consciousness either so it really doesn't offer us much in this regard
ACB
 
  1  
Reply Wed 19 Aug, 2009 09:11 pm
@Pathfinder,
Pathfinder;84441 wrote:
One million experiments having one result can be completely obliterated by that one time that the result is the exact opposite.


I think it would take a lot more than one conflicting result to prevail against a million! It would be very likely that the conflicting result was due to a flawed experiment.

And though it is certainly true that long-established and well-supported theories can be overturned, it is unreasonable to doubt them while all the evidence is still in their favour.
0 Replies
 
richrf
 
  1  
Reply Wed 19 Aug, 2009 10:20 pm
@odenskrigare,
odenskrigare;84438 wrote:
it's not a neuron rich

it's a whole network of them

don't you think 100 billion neurons can do at least a little more than one

given that intelligence appears to scale more or less according to brain body mass ratios across species I'd say more is better in some sense


Not bad. I like the story of 100 billion neurons getting together, holding hands, and POOF! deciding to put on a loin cloth in order to hide itself from the other 100 billion neurons who are ashamed. It is a fantastic story and I think I could see the kids story book where you have all of these neurons dancing around together doing all of these crazy things. Puts Bible stories to shame.

Quote:
energy is physical too
Absolutely. It goes both ways. And you can't tell which came first, but my bet is on energy. Then we have to ask how did energy turn into mass? What was the impetus? The first mover?

Rich
odenskrigare
 
  1  
Reply Thu 20 Aug, 2009 12:03 am
@richrf,
richrf;84451 wrote:
Not bad. I like the story of 100 billion neurons getting together, holding hands, and POOF! deciding to put on a loin cloth in order to hide itself from the other 100 billion neurons who are ashamed. It is a fantastic story and I think I could see the kids story book where you have all of these neurons dancing around together doing all of these crazy things. Puts Bible stories to shame.


this bears repeating:

Rat brain flies jet ? The Register[INDENT]Scientists at the university of Florida taught the 'brain', which was grown from 25,000 neural cells extracted from a rat embryo, to pilot an F-22 jet simulator. It was taught to control the flight path, even in mock hurricane-strength winds.

"When we first hooked them up, the plane 'crashed' all the time," Dr Thomas DeMarse, an assistant professor of biomedical engineering at the University of Florida, said. "But over time, the neural network slowly adapts as the brain learns to control the pitch and roll of the aircraft. After a while, it produces a nice straight and level trajectory."[/INDENT]it sheds a lot of light on how the brain works

first, notice that rats evolved well before the F-22 came into being: the neocortex simply trains itself for whatever is given to it

second, notice that this array functions totally disembodied from a living rat, which really ****s all over your chakras or Chinese metaphysics or whatever. the thing works in absence of some kind of vague vital force

third and most importantly, notice that the "brain is a computer" approach can actually be harnessed to DO SOMETHING, i.e. it has predictive power

so where I can actually dig up compelling evidence for my claims, you claim that I "have no proof". and yet we're supposed to entertain your alternatives to reality despite the absolute utter lack of support for them

how do I know the brain is a kind of computer? here's how

http://neurophilosophy.files.wordpress.com/2006/08/animat.JPG

these things are not going to go away through wishing

but hey scientists are only ever right when they already agree with you, or when you use out-of-context quotes to make it seem they agree

otherwise they're greedy scumbags who are out to make a quick buck while ****ting down the backs of the new age writers, fortune tellers, psychics and faith healers who made this world what it is

richrf;84451 wrote:
Absolutely. It goes both ways. And you can't tell which came first, but my bet is on energy. Then we have to ask how did energy turn into mass? What was the impetus? The first mover?


the idea of "first mover" is not really applicable here

also it's a logical fallacy because what caused the first cause?
Pathfinder
 
  1  
Reply Thu 20 Aug, 2009 05:23 am
@Kielicious,
rich i think you may have missed a post a few back where i invited you to a discussion on memory transference.
0 Replies
 
richrf
 
  1  
Reply Thu 20 Aug, 2009 07:27 am
@odenskrigare,
odenskrigare;84455 wrote:
Scientists at the university of Florida taught the 'brain', which was grown from 25,000 neural cells extracted from a rat embryo, to pilot an F-22 jet simulator



The neurons come together to learn something new. What is bringing them together? What is learning? What is Life that is making this all happen?

odenskrigare;84455 wrote:
the idea of "first mover" is not really applicable here

also it's a logical fallacy because what caused the first cause?


Now this is the whole point. What I am interested in is the spark of life. Where does it all come from? This is what I am investigating and exploring. I explore it in the way Bohr and Einstein explored the nature of quanta, by using thought experiments. Very simple ones at that.

For me, you have just substituted one word God with another word neuron, or gene, or whatever. Nothing has been accomplished in understanding the nature of consciousness and life. It is like showing me a circuit board of a TV set and telling me that that is what is creating the picture. This is not the full story. I am exploring the source. If this is not relevant for you. Fine. It is to me.

Rich

---------- Post added 08-20-2009 at 08:30 AM ----------

Pathfinder;84467 wrote:
rich i think you may have missed a post a few back where i invited you to a discussion on memory transference.


Hi there Pathfinder,

Sorry, I missed that post. What would you like me to paste in the thread to begin the discussion?

Rich
TickTockMan
 
  1  
Reply Thu 20 Aug, 2009 09:57 am
@odenskrigare,
odenskrigare;84408 wrote:
TickTockMan he's probably older than you and people who have made more trips around the sun are always right about everything they talk about whether it's neuroscience or epistemology or really anything

you learn all that through experience man


I wish that were the case. I'm 47 and I keep waiting for wisdom to arrive. It never does. It seems the older I get the less I know. Strangely, though, the more content I become.
0 Replies
 
odenskrigare
 
  1  
Reply Thu 20 Aug, 2009 02:57 pm
@richrf,
richrf;84488 wrote:
The neurons come together to learn something new. What is bringing them together? What is learning? What is Life that is making this all happen?


Well, though this isn't the full story, the neurons form a kind of arithmetic network that tweaks itself to give a satisfactory response to input patterns

richrf;84488 wrote:
Now this is the whole point. What I am interested in is the spark of life. Where does it all come from? This is what I am investigating and exploring. I explore it in the way Bohr and Einstein explored the nature of quanta, by using thought experiments. Very simple ones at that.


The difference is that their thought experiments were actually verifiable

Yours are not

I used to think pretending to have answers was cool. I don't anymore. I acknowledge the existence of the hard problem of consciousness, and that's it. I can't claim to have answers. Nobody does
0 Replies
 
Pathfinder
 
  1  
Reply Thu 20 Aug, 2009 04:49 pm
@Kielicious,
Rich,

i thought we could take over where this thread left off. I am very much attuned to your curiosity about first cause and the force of life.


http://www.philosophyforum.com/philosophy-forums/branches-philosophy/philosophy-mind/3673-thought-self-awareness.html
KaseiJin
 
  1  
Reply Thu 20 Aug, 2009 07:42 pm
@Pathfinder,
Having made the effort to keep up with the explosion of activity and voices enjoined, with all the verbal exchange of things of the mental realm, and with determined desire to vizualize, concieve of, and play around with relatively secured (as far as I can tell) understandings constructed in this brain of what has been asserted and claimed, I must say that we have allowed this thread to become somewhat of a bubble gum arcade of a place.

Why is it that we cannot yet come to grasp the notion that there is far greater virture, and, productive and positive-in-outcome result in laying more proper foundations for what is being asserted? and an internet link here or there to wherever is not quite gonna do that--make an outline, spell out your terms, defend those firstly (if need be), then apply them towards the argument being made. Take the time needed to do it in better format, airs, and balanced maturity.

For those of you who have not noticed, we are working primarily on the position of consciousness' being a biological problem. (and here, just in case, 'problem' does not nuance as in 'something gone wrong', but as in 'matter of foundational field of inquiry') That will of course include the concept of 'mind,' and it's connection to brain, or its being of brain--as raised in the OP as well. Additionally, we do have a working definition of consciousness for the purpose of this thread (see (in this order) here, here, and (esp.) here), therefore I urge those who are tempted to ascribe new definition/descriptions of that, to either expound on, and argue for, leverage benefits in adding new senses of meaning/nuances on the word, or adhere to the general definition/description that we are using (as especially generally settled on in that last link above)--which means that we can't just say that any ole thing is consciousness.

For those who are interested in the quantim physics area, it is a very interesting area indeed. As for its relation to brain processs, and by extenstion, consciousness, a recent series of overviews presented in the journal Brain and Cognition (part 2 having just come out in Vol 71, issue 2; Nov '09) of the field has been published. Of four teams reviewed in part 2, for example--J.C. Eccles/Friedrich Beck; Henry Stapp; Stuart Hameroff/Roger Penrose; David Bohm--only Bohm does not acquiesce to there presently being little to conclude that any neurobiological plausibility of microstructure quantum effects can be deduced. T.H. Huxley is quoted as having spoken of 'a beautiful hypothesis destroyed by ugly facts'.

That said, however, I am asking those interested in pursuing that to consider some facts more thoroughly, please. When, in evolution's name, did quantum events come to have transpired in nature? Was it very near the start of the expansion, or was in the last handfull and a half of decades of the late past millennium? or was it, instead, when the first full DNAed H. sapien had been most definitely defined from within the branch of humanoids that it developed out of?

The point being, of course, that most obviously, just like natural bonding events, time/space events, attraction events, and so on and on so, quantum events have been there all along--so . . . all those other H's and P's of evoluntionary ascent, and any and all animals and species which presently, or in the past, (as in past 1, 000,000 years to simply put a cap on it) have had brain, had surely been 'worked on' by such mechanics just as much (holding evolutionary progress (v.) of quantum mechanics [if there is such a thing] aside) as our brains are being 'worked on' by such. To reach the summation directly here, quantum matters do not matter, in the matter of consciousness' being a biological problem until it can be clearly demonstrated that by altering quantum details, we can alter consciousness without altering biological process as presently understood.

For those who wish to adhere to the notion that all living and have ever lived animals' brain build/states are 'souls' I strongly urge you to put your definition/descriptions out here on the table--instead of making such far flung assertions that we are 'souls' under your breath in passing as though there were no question at all on such an ancient misconception. If you wish to hold that only human beings are 'souls' or have 'souls' (or however one wishes to 'verb' that phrase), then all the more, please put your definition/descriptions out on the table--otherwise you are simply talking in relgious belief-system mo-jo which has no greater degree of natural truth value than the assertion that the pineal gland is responsible for skeletomotor operation.

odenskrigare, in that you and I, among a few others here, are basically on the same side of the debate table, let me please, with all due respect and concern, ask that you tell me what I may do in the way of encouraging you so as to help corral your argumentative modus operandi into the greener and more succulent pastures of a slightly (I repeat, slightly) more productive, mature, and scented with humanitarian-like academic range; please.

Now, as I had come here to continue my presentation, I will not try to hide that upon following up from my last post, a bit of an exasperated emotion swelled from the process of doing so, and thus I have posted this plea. In order to prevent another over-sized post (as mine tend to be anyway, and I ask forgiveness and understanding there, please) I will post this much now, then wait a while so as to prevent merging. Of course, I will respond to questions or objections to this content as well as continue with the development of the underlying detail of my position that consciousness is a biological problem.

KJ
0 Replies
 
paulhanke
 
  1  
Reply Thu 20 Aug, 2009 10:07 pm
@odenskrigare,
odenskrigare;84447 wrote:
quantum physics isn't going to solve the hard problem of consciousness either so it really doesn't offer us much in this regard


... not in any linear/reductionist application of it, no ... but when you're trying to reverse engineer a system, it's dangerous to be too dismissive as you may end up dismissing yourself right out of any hope of ever understanding how the system does what it does ...
KaseiJin
 
  1  
Reply Thu 20 Aug, 2009 11:18 pm
@paulhanke,
In PD we find (especially in early onset cases of AR-JP) that one will have difficulty controlling the motor system so as to move. This usually progresses, and carries along with it, some slight cognitive loss. Falling is a common concern (and it has been observed that walking on a dark and light checkerboard flooring will often tend to improve walking movement) as the legs will sometimes not move at all to internal command even while in the midst of walking. Areas of brain which work together as mind have lost the ability to fully control the area of brain (skeletomotor system) that controls bodily movement (even so in the case of resting tremor). Huntington's disease is kind of the other extreme.

Huntington's disease (HD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder which is autosomal neuropsychiatrical in nature. HD entails a combination of motor, cognitive, and psychiatric symptoms which usually have an onset around the fourth or fifth decade of the patient's life. There are some rare cases of a much earlier, or much later onset, and there are studies which show that cognitive function is weakend in a likely good number of presymptomatic cases rather than later stages alone. After onset, the patient's condition follows a progressively dysfunctioning course, ending in death, over a 15 to 20 year span.

The short arm of chromosome 4 will have more than 39 repeats (1) in the Huntington gene (IT15, or Htt), with further increases producing a heavier effect. Childhood cases have shown that up to 70 or more repeats more likely leads to earlier onset. The primary area is, again, the basal ganglia with more specific focus on the GABAergic and acetylcholinergic neurons of the caudate nucleus and putamen. The caudate nuclei will always be severly degenerated, thus smaller than in normal brains. While there are a number of studies which show some detail of what's happening, one problem is putting a finger on which neuronal insult (used here in the sense of damage) is primary. The fact that neuronal inclusions are constant and early features of HD, appears to signify that dysfunction from molecular disturbance, rather than a primary process of cell death, is what initiates the process of neurodegeneration. It would be as though the cells are either starved to death, or are poisoned, rather than an 'on' switch directing cellular apoptosis being directly activated. The medium spiny inhibitory neuron axons are mostly targeted.

HD is not evenly spread throughout the world. Northern European populations have a higher incidence of HD--which until not too long ago, could only be diagnosed at onset. Japan, for example, has about a ten fold less number of cases. Also, some ethical issues surround the matter of genetical testing for the disease (in that the certainty of knowing is very, very high) such as those relating to marriage rights, child bearing rights among a few others. Most people who have a family history of HD, seem to not want to be tested for the mutant gene.

Being a hyperkinetic disorder, HD causes motor dysfunction which leads to 'dancing-like' (chorea) movements and jerks of especially the limbs and trunk. The movements will look like bits and pieces of an intended and purposeful act, but all totally out of context, and misarranged. While dementia becomes more noticeable in the late stages, as global brain atrophy occurs, there is at least some increment in the auditory system (compared to pre-symptom cases and normal controls), according to one study, which may be due to compensation plasticity--an effort by brain to keep some degree of homeostasis.

In Huntington's disease, like Parkinson's disease (just to a lesser degree), we do see very noticeable brain volume loss and misbuild, postmortem, and in HD, in that there is dysfunction in cortical connections and processes, as well as cell death in a large area of the brain, there is alteration of mind which is also distinguishable in grey and white area loss (2); we more easily recognize the motor dysfunction, of course, in early stages of onset, rather than the mind dysfunction that comes later, and can be determined postmortem.

Motor dysfunction, nevertheless, is as much a matter of brain build/state dysfunction as is any brain dysfunction, and therefore carries equal weight when investigating mind/brain matters. Abnormalities with the motor system also include intention tremor, hemiballism or ballism (uncontrollable and rapid ballistic-like movement of limbs) and, to a slightly less studied degree, but nevertheless overlapping, Tourette's Syndrome (TS). I'd like to point out TS next since it also deals with basal ganglia shortcomings to a degree.


Here again, it is most obvious that brain is not recieving extra, above normal level signal from something out there (as though it were a radio or a TV picking up signals beamed from some broadcasting studio) so as to cause extra body movement, nor is there any increase in brain so as to make it more powerful so as to pull in extra waves from somewhere out there. Normal brain build is destroyed, and along with that normal brain processing is destroyed, and along with that, all that it has stronger working space overlap with is affected to some degree. Here, the loss of brain reaches all the way to that area of brain which is more involved with mind and consciousness. Looking at Tourette's Syndrome will draw us even a bit closer to the strong connection between the biological function of brain and consciousness as a biological problem rather than some non-material problem.





(1) I have come across 'more than 36', and 'more than 40' in a few papers too, however, so we can say that there is a gradient range going into a point of more than 36 as leading into the' low-functioning-patient-after-full onset' range.

(2) This is quite deducible from the understanding and knowledge of what is fairly required for normal processes as evidenced from the results of normal brain build/state in vivo.
0 Replies
 
odenskrigare
 
  1  
Reply Thu 20 Aug, 2009 11:28 pm
@Kielicious,
paulhanke, I have no idea what you're talking about
xris
 
  1  
Reply Fri 21 Aug, 2009 03:59 am
@odenskrigare,
Kj my space explorer,how does he not give you a basis for our or should i say my reasoning. We are all entrenched in mine field of preconceived beliefs and they can not all be expressed as one defined theory of ..this is ..

I would have to explain why I see life as an unexplainable phenomenon, that defies scientific reasoning and you would almost certainly deny this. If you have by life, decided that there is more to life than science can explain, you have a duty to examine life with a certain preconception.


I read that nde's can occur with no visible brain activity ,so if the consciousness abides in that hidden cortex ,how would you prove that?
odenskrigare
 
  1  
Reply Fri 21 Aug, 2009 04:27 am
@xris,
xris;84675 wrote:
I read that nde's can occur with no visible brain activity ,so if the consciousness abides in that hidden cortex ,how would you prove that?


you "read" this somewhere

what is your source?
 

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