@Ionus,
Quote:Do you think there really were witches ?
I certainly do. They are still with us. They are icons to us. Joan (the Bitch) Collins for example.
The Malleus Maleficarum defines the witch scientifically. And it is a very simple concept.
I think it was thought by some at the time that the behaviour needed to be discouraged in order to make progress or even to survive. There were hordes battering at city gates on all sides.
And there was a powerful temptation to overcome. The rigor of the persecution being driven by the combination of necessity and the difficulty. Augustus had identified the same problem and failed to overcome it by inducements and laws that went unheeded because infractions could not be proven. Hence immigration and the manumission of slaves. Which is an argument we have today with immigration and the granting of citizenship. Whether that's the point where the rot sets in is moot. The cause is the same.
Even Stalin tried it with inducements and that failed too. It was unenforceable and the inducements too costly if they were to be effective.
What a useless education teaches is to hold a view of such matters with the hindsight of how they turned out and to proceed to condemn them on that basis. Like when fm tried to take credit for predicting a football result the day after the game on a thread where the other 28 participants had tried their hand before the game. What ever happened having had a perfectly rational cause is thus no longer a problem to such a view and it can get on with its condemnations on the evidence of how it all turned out. Which you see all around you. Then it is easy to imagine that what you see all around you would be as it is now even if the thing hadn't happened. For a rational determinist whatever happened must be rational because it happened so for one to condemn its results without reference to the cause is having your head up your arse and shoving and shoving and shoving until you turn inside out and look just like before except that you're full of ****.
Not myself caring to be in such a state I search for the rational cause of an event or an incident because I know there was one.
With the witch craze there were many other factors at work. The invention of the printing press for example. The book landed up in all sorts of places where it was perverted for other reasons than the cause it was written to address. For money. A condemned witch's assets were confiscated. Settling scores. Getting rid of nuisances. Umberto Eco covers the real cause in Name of the Rose. But as far as I know there is no evidence that a witch was condemned for the real cause.
The Inquisition condemned one of the two authors of the book. It was the Protestants who really got their teeth into condemning witches. It got to be a form of ethnic cleansing. Burn one Catholic and the rest will flee. Or the other way round when the heat was on.
The book might have been written just to frighten like some of the Fairy Tales are.
Only the definition of witch in that book is the one that can't be argued with.