The Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium (2005)published its first draft of the DNA sequence of the chimp. It was introduced by the following statement:
'More than 150 years ago Darwin and Huxley posited that humans shaer recent common ancestors with African Great Apes. Modern molecular biology has confirmed this prediction in a spectacular fashion"
They were referring to earlier studies since the confirmation hadnt had any jot of data that countered it. STill the, CSAC, had produced its own findings. They, by sequencing both the human and the chimpanzee genomes, made the discovery that opened up a means to a vast batch of data that allowed us to compare every element of the gene sequences of humans and chimps.
They found that:
1HUMANS AND CHIMP CHROMOSOMES DIFFER BY 10 REARRANGEMENTS;Incorporations of chimp sequences are rearranged and compressed in chromosomes 2,4,5 12,15,16,17, 18, and the y chromosome (with minor redirections in the other or the 22 human chromosomes. Chimps and humans also differ a teeny bit in a few other places. Are these rearrangements a big deal? Darwin, in
...The Origin... spent a bit of time discussing the variations that are sufficient to establish different species as opposed to just simple varieties of same species. All Darwin had were the outward appearnaces of the different species.This became a story of geographic isolation of the species from the ancestral form and the establishment of group infertility that would prevent interbreeding after several hundred (or less) generations
2. RETROELEMENTS ARE ACTIVE IN THE GENOMES OF CHIMPS AND HUMANS AND HAVE ONLY BEEN SO ACTIVE SINCE THE TWO SPECIES DIVERGED FROM THE COMMON ANCESTOR>
Transposons, DNA elements that transpose in a cut and paste means (like gungasnales), mutated so much that they were no longer transposing when humans and chimps diverged. So we would expect to find (if evolution of these two species from a common ancestor is a valid hypothesis) that the vast amount of transposons in precisely the same spot in each genome-and, TA DAAA, its what is seen.A few retroelements are still active in both chimps and humans and in these we see that they follow a path unique to each species(either chimp or human but not both).
99% of the millions of retroelements in both genomes (chimp And Human) are in the same positions on the chromosomes. This confirms that the majority of all transposable elements preceded the divergence of chimps and humans from the common ancestor. Theres more (mostly about the
Alu Yb8 gene , which is a relatively new "added gene" 22 copies in humans but only 9 in chimps.
3. NEW PSEUDOGENES HAVE ENTERED THE ANCESTRAL GENOMES AND CHIMPS SINCE THEY DIVERGED. Follow. We have a simple way to estimate when a pseudogene gets into the genome. when a pseudo generates a cut and paste copy of itself, the original gene and the copy should be the same. Because a pseudogene doesnt function for anything, any of its acquired mutations are neutral to any selective pressure, since they dont favor or disfavor anything, they should accumulate at a rate that can be described as constant rate. So, the more a pseudogene differs (by mutation) rom its original gene, the older it should be.From Fairbanks.
Quote: Lets look at NANOG and its pseudogenes as an example. NANOG is reference to a CEltic land of eternal youth. Its name is appropriate. The genes product allows cultured embryonic stem cells to keep growing and dividing indefinately, as if they had eternal youth. The human and chimpanzee genomes each have 10 NANOG pseudoigenes, all at the same spots, but the human genome has one more and this one, by relative age determination by "mutation math rates" was determined to be the youngest of these , and astoundingly, it was acquired about 5 mya, or just about the time of divergence
4. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE CHIMP AND HUMAN GENOMES THAT CAN ONLY BE EXPLAINED BY NATURAL SELECTION. later with this one, its quite interesting a discussion by Carroll about the genetic view of conferal of resistance to malaria to both chimps and humans .Except its cool to look at the unique strains of malaria that effect only chimps and humans.