@electronicmail,
Quote:....the moral qualities are advanced, either directly or indirectly, much more through the effects of habit, the reasoning powers, instruction, religion, &c., than through natural selection....
Giving that a bit more thought I think it is devious. "Advanced" is dodgy for a start. If it's from a zero morality base, as it is, it should be "created". I think " either directly or indirectly" is to tire the reader's eye. And religion is the source of habit, the reasoning powers and instruction.
And &c. borders on insulting when you have a book going. Like there are even more things to dilute the power of the word "religion" but Darwin is being coy about what they are. Just &c. " Much more........than natural selection" suggests that natural selection is playing a part in morality formation but Darwin has neither demonstrated it or, if NS plays no part, said nothing.
It should read that moral qualities exist because of religion and natural selection plays no part. That's what Darwin actually says but he doesn't want to be seen to be saying it. And for a very good reason. It can only mean that morality is not natural and to the extent morality exists it is imposed by powers not natural and to undermine those powers cannot but undermine morality. And few people benefitted from the morality of the times more than did Mr Darwin.