In Other News: South America's About-Face
December 1, 2006
by Patrick Roath
First, in 1954, Guatemala. Then, soon after, Cuba. Then Ecuador, Brazil, Nizaragua, the Dominican Republic, Bolivia, Chile and Grenada. This is a chronological listing of Latin American countries that have been governed by Communist regimes or threatened by Communist revolutions in the last 50 years. It is not surprising that this is also a near-perfect timeline of U.S. intervention in the region?-intervention carried out either by the CIA or the U.S. military. The extensive history of Communist governments in Latin America has concerned the American government for over 50 years (its origins going back as far as the Monroe Doctrine of 1823). Now, to the considerable chagrin of US policymakers, the last few years have seen a tremendous influx of popularly elected left-leaning or social democratic governments in the Americas. In addition to the Cold War relic of Fidel Castro's Cuba, Bolivia, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Brazil, Venezuela, and Chile are now led by leftist leaders with varying degrees of hostility toward the current American administration.
Personal criticisms of the controversial American president, George W. Bush, run the full spectrum: from the moderate president-elect of Ecuador, Rafael Correa, calling Bush "dimwitted," to the fiery UN address of Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez referring to Bush as "the devil." Despite the different angles from which each leader approaches national politics, their mandates are quite similar: the low-income people want help from their governments. Although the new administrations undoubtedly pale in comparison to the Cold War socialist-inspired regimes buttressed by the USSR in their radicalism, the general shift towards the far left of the political spectrum is remarkable for its seemingly continental appeal and the potentially hazardous international repercussions it produces.
Barrels for Friends
The two countries that best epitomize this trend are Venezuela and Nicaragua. Although most analysts of the region employ nuance and couch their interpretations with phrases like "authoritarian populism" and "third-way economics," the most recent elections in these countries have empowered leaders who are essentially socialist in their politics.
On November 5, 2006, Daniel Ortega won the presidency of Nicaragua. For those to whom this name is oddly familiar, you may remember him as the president of Nicaragua in the 1980s during the Sandinista revolution?-the political force at the center of the infamous Iran-Contra scandal. The lesson from two decades ago is simple: Ortega is no friend of the United States.= However, despite his Marxist background, his current campaign led the Economist to remark that "nowadays Mr. Ortega is a pragmatist." The degree to which Ortega eschews his Communist past will become more apparent in the coming year, and will undoubtedly be closely watched in the United States and abroad.
In Venezuela, President Hugo Chavez wears his stripes more proudly. The popular quasi-authoritarian leader is one of the most vocal anti-American voices in the developing world and?-thanks to his country's considerable oil endowment?-one of the wealthiest and most influential voices. First elected in 2000, Chavez has used his power to rally other leftist leaders around the continent to his cause, providing comfortable oil giveaways in return for their friendship. On the world stage Chavez has been active too, pushing for a seat on the United Nations Security Council as a representative of Latin America. Although he has been frustrated in his attempts for pan-Latin American unity and undermined at the UN by other member states, Chavez continues to pursue the most activist, and perhaps most radical, agenda in the region.
Another One Bites the Dust
On November 27, an election in Ecuador may provide the next domino in the region to be proverbially knocked over. In a heated run-off pitting leftist economist Rafel Correa against business magnate Alvaro Naboa, Correa seems to be leading the race, with the Associated Press claiming that Correa is "headed to victory" at the time of publication. Having made public his close friendship with Venezuelan President Chavez, Correa's campaign rhetoric also included suspending debt payments and cancelling international trade talks?-moves the United States government has flagged as distressing. Moreover, the new leader has suggested that the tiny Central American country rejoin OPEC, the international oil producers' cartel, a move which may signal his nation's readiness to use its natural resources to speak from the bully pulpit.
Other countries previously considered staunch U.S. allies in the region, such as Bolivia, Mexico, Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina, have also recently acceded to the socialist trend. Although in Mexico Andrés Manuel López Obrador, the leftist Presidential candidate, was defeated by the smallest of margins in this year's election, he refuses to admit defeat and continues to run a "parallel government." In Bolivia, President Evo Morales has been seen to be tottering between a moderate, pragmatic approach and a more idealistic Chavez-style approach rooted in his indigenous background. Under Morales, the Bolivian government has "recovered ownership" of all the major oil corporations by nationalizing the corporations, and has almost doubled the minimum wage. Additionally, leaders in Uruguay, Argentina and Brazil have all been elected on Socialist platforms.
Sister Republics
In his inaugural address on January 20, 1961, President John F. Kennedy made this promise: "To our sister republics south of our border, we offer a special pledge?-to convert our good words into good deeds?-in a new alliance for progress?-to assist free men and free governments in casting off the chains of poverty. But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers."
President Kennedy's statement was to define, or perhaps sugarcoat, the United States' policy towards Latin American socialism during the Cold War. An extension of the older Monroe Doctrine, the so-called "Kennedy Doctrine" set the tone for the aggressive American encounters in the Bay of Pigs and the Cuban Missile Crisis, two events that characterized relations between the U.S. and the region in the Cold War-era. Although the U.S. hasn't intervened with paramilitary or conventional forces since its excursion in Grenada, it continues to make its preferences known through more subtle measures. In the lead-up to Nicaragua's election, the United States was explicit about the possibilities of aid to the country should Ortega win election, and rumors abound about American efforts to undermine Hugo Chavez' regime. One American public figure, past presidential candidate Pat Robertson, has even openly called for his assassination.
So what has changed since Kennedy's speech? If not the character of the governments of Latin America, then certainly their disposition towards their people. The crucial difference is that the leftist leaders across the continent, with the notable exception of Castro, have all been elected in (more or less) free, internationally observed, regular elections. This wave of populist voting has ushered in a new cadre of leaders with a strong social mandate and a burgeoning international agenda. It seems that the phenomenon is here to stay for at least a few more years and in the mean time the U.S. will have to get used to having a more uppity southern "backyard" for the foreseeable future.
http://www.tuftsobserver.org/news/20061201/in_other_news_south_ameri.html