Finn d'Abuzz wrote:You Party adherents, thing Soviet Union, think China...
Nonsense.
There is indeed a fundamental difference in perspective between systems where you vote for an individual candidate and his primary loyalty is to himself / his district's constituents, and systems where you vote for a party and its patform.
No democratic country's system is purely one or the other, but there are distinct contrasts. The US leans far toward the former, obviously.
The advantage of that is the direct connection citizens have with "their" Senator or Congressman, and the accountability that comes with that.
The disadvantage - apart from a promotion of clientalism/patronage that results beefed up "pork spending" - is that parties are often "big tents" of all kinds of candidates, and you can get pretty surprised about what you get. There's little in the ways of an official party platform or program, and no clear party leader if the party is in opposition. The result of that is that one's got a point when saying, "I dont know what the Democrats stand for" if only because, well - who represents them? Reid the Senate leader, Pelosi the House leader, Dean the DNC chairman, Hillary the presidential candidate? The same was true for the GOP in the 90s.
In party-based systems, you know exactly what each party stands for. They draft a 'binding' election program and they have a national leader, often elected by a vote amongst its members. You know what each party stands for, so you know that if you vote for that party, thats what
any candidate on its list will work for when elected - they've committed to it.
That's far removed, of course, from the silly comparison with the Soviet Union or China, for the obvious enough reason that there, there is/was only ONE party. Citizens of multi-party democracies have the opportunity to vote for any party platform they want, and choose exactly the one that fits best with their personal views and beliefs.
Systems based wholly on individual candidates, like the US, on the other hand, arguably offer
less choice to their citizens. With individual candidates elected in districts in winner-takes it all races, where minority votes by definition go lost, these systems are very likely to end up two-party systems, like in the US, or with some luck, like in England, three-party system. (Though it should be noted that in England the pressure to toe the party line is much stronger, and parties have both a clear national leader, a party programme that candidates are expected to follow, and a "Whip" in parliament to make them do so).
With a two-party system like in the US, the voters' choice is restricted to the extremely limited choice between a leftwing party and a rightwing party - or a party slightly left of centre and one slightly right of centre. Thats it. Worse, since you completely depend on whichever candidate runs in your district - if you're in Alabama, you get the choice between a conservative Democrat and a conservative Republican, and in Rhode Island between a liberal Democrat and a liberal Republican. You have the freedom to vote - for variations of the same theme.
Of course, in a party-based, multi-party system, you end up with coalition governments, in which your party's views will also be compromising with others'. But the coalition is created in negotiations between parties - that is, between distinct and defined political platforms - and once the government is created, it is mostly again on the basis of a specific programme that resulted from those negotiations. You know what you get. In the US, on the other hand, majorities that are wrested for this or that controversial vote depend on 'buying off' individual candidates' pet projects or hobby horses - which results in the unsalabrious practice of tacking pork spending items to larger, unrelated policy bills.
There are distinct differences between party-based systems and individual representative-based systems, and although I have argued, in response to your facile Soviet reference, for the democratic values of a party-system, it's clear there are advantages to the alternative too. A Brit can "call his MP" if he has a problem or doesnt like a decision; whom does a Dutchman call? No clue. The bond between citizen and parliamentarian is abstract. On the other hand again, in Holland you can become active in a party and you actually get a vote on individual items in your party's programme, which all your party's candidates are then committed to following. In the US, your right to influence your candidate's vote on any one particular issue depends 100% on whether he chooses to lend you an ear or not. When you vote you simply give that candidate your confidence and hope that he's going to be a good person about it.
Many countries have in-between systems: in Germany, for example, you have two votes - one for your own district's MP, one for the party. There are variations. But your attempt to phrase the difference as a kind of philosophical choice between "true" democracy and dictatorship (the Soviet/China reference) is just weird.