@McGentrix,
None of the above has ever been anything but strengthened. Darwin didnt have many things in his quiver but the overall theory is still the underpinning of developmental biology.
1. AS far as the "warm little pond" he had no primary geochemical models from which to work. Our greatly enhanced understanding of the paleoenvironmental conditions as reflected in stratigraphy all compare nicely with what happened to life at the same times that say, excess methane, oxygen activity or deep carbonates and Iron band formations occured. Certain protists today show the initial development of carbonate deposition , so it can be projected that similar species began evolving more and better deposition mechanisms and abilities to deposit shells. The thing is that . preCambrian life found in the last 15 years show that several species are just like later , but similr forms with shells. They all seem to be quite similar in morphology no matter when fossilized. AND the first shell bearing animals and notochord animals began in the proterozoic before the Ediacarn assemblages
2 nd 3 are the same and, 151 years of evidence has backed up what Darwin said waaaay beyond his expectations. NOT knowing (but expectin) is based upon scientific arm waving we all do it and Darwin proposed ways to prove what he didnt know.
4 He didnt have the intermediates thats true, but we do. Undeniably (with the exception of the Cretinists who want the world to believe that what appears to be ancestry is nothing more than a God gone wild. However, DArwin gives us a way to proive about what he thought in an entire chapter (That the new Creationist version has conveniently left out) Chapter 9 in edition 6 (I believe) THat IS--There are Gaps in the fossil records that we would have to fill by field exploration. HE WAS DEAD ON IN THAT. In the last 30 years or so,Weve had a chance to watch how the falsification process works for scientists to find these intermediate fossils in similar aged formations from around the world. Tiktaalic was such an example. More than just a "fishopod" specimen, The process by which he was discovered involved the use of similitude in age deposition for Geo Systems, series, and substages, wherein messrs SHUBIN and DEASCHLER went to a teeny are of Baffin Island where a relatively small outcrop of early continental/marine Devonian rocks were located. It took em 3 years but they found what they were suspecting would exist. NOW, to me thats deductive reasoning and using the old falsification process.
5 The limitis of variation are still based upon Millers rule that states that evoilution is merely using what youve got, and then to do something new with it. SIMPLE NO? All evidence including genetic holds that up as a glowing beacon of truth.
6 He didnt understand the Cambrian explosion and he said that it would affect his theory if and only if there was no explanation for what he called a sudden appearnace. The sudden appearnace of different forms took place from the top o the Cryogenian through the Ediacaran times or about 65 million years. Putting that into perspective, the Cambrian only lasted a total of about 54 million years, yet we dont bat an weyelash over the huge developments and evolutionary **** that happened during the CAmbrian . A rule of thum is that a changing atmosphere and continental shifting has always caused quicktime evolutionary events.
7Homology has never been a big problem to evolutionary scientists. When a good idea shows up, sometimes many species glom onto it. like "flying mammals" or "sabretoothed marsupials". Its never been a problem , im fact its underpinned the effects that genetic information can preserve
8Human beans, like birds, didnt evovle from the next rung down, these species and families arose from common ancestors to both
9 The tree of life aint a tree, yeh its a bush, so what. Metaphors dont rule good science, they only confuse people who dont understand the concepts fully
10 I think he stated in his letters that he rejected a God because if God were an intelligent designer, he really fucked up (euphemism mine)
DArwin has given us probably one of the 5 top thoughts of the millenium. (SOme argue that its the best). His work has only been made stronger as new piles of evidence support what Darwin said and reject what the Biblical based folks say