rosborne979 wrote:What does this guy mean by: "written to combat fatalistic Ancient Near East cosmogonies by stressing the underlying goodness of the world as a gift of God"?
What Ancient East Cosmologies is he talking about?
First of all, a cosmogony is an explanation of the origin in the cosmos, and not its constituent parts and functioning, which is what a cosmology is.
The early Israelites were not all monotheistic--in fact, the evidence of the Pentateuch is that originally, none of them were. Jehovah is simply one of several deities. We know of two origins for monotheism which predate that of the Jawist tradition (the tradition of Jehovah), one Egyptian and the other Medean/Persian. The former is the more likely source for Israelite monotheism, because the Jews were not exposed to Persian influences until the time of the Babylonian captivity. However, the "story" of monotheism among the Jews most likely comes from the latter source, because the Mithraic version of monotheism begins with one god among many, that god becomes the supreme god, that god becomes the "true" god while all others are "false gods," and finally, that god is the one god. The "story" of god in the Old Testament mirrors this sequence--and significantly, the earliest complete copies of the Pentateuch come from the period after the Babylonian captivity, and the Pentateuch was heavily edited after that period--about a century later. It is very likely that the notion of monotheism, at least in the concept of a "superior" god--Jehovah--derives from the Egyptian notion of monotheism. One of the Egyptian pharaohs, Amenhotep IV, renamed himself Akhenaten, and claimed that Aten (originally an expression of the visible disk of the sun) was one and the same as Amon-Ra, the "sun god" (it's actually more complex than that, but that will suffice for this explanation), and the one and unique god. He set about effacing other references to other, older gods, and caused quite an uproar with the priestly caste, who saw their livelihood impaired. His son was Tut-ankh-amen, King Tut, and as he succeeded to the throne as an adolescent, and did not live into adulthood, it was a simple matter for the priesthood to have re-established the supremecy of Amon-Ra, and to re-introduced the old gods.
It is likely that a knowledge of the worship of a superior god accompanied the Jewish tribes into Palestine at the time of the Exodus. But one thing is certain, the Jawist faction was not only not dominant, they appear not to have originally even been a majority. Most Israelites were idolators, and worships Moloch or Baal. Moloch required the human sacrifice of children, or so claimed the priests, and Solomon is said to have erected a temple to Moloch on a hill by the city of Jerusalem, which hill was known as Tophet. Although there were attempts to suppress the worship of Moloch, it appears that it likely continued until at least the period of the Babylonian Captivity.
The Catholic Encyclopedia article on Moloch.
Baal was a less centrally important deity, the name being derived from the Semitic word for a lord or owner of a place, and there were more than one god named Baal. Some biblical scholars contend that Jawists derived monotheism from the concept of Ba'al, claiming that Jehovah was the
ba'al of
ba'als, the supreme god. That doesn't explain, however, where they came up with the idea of a supreme deity, and the chronology of events suggests to me that they got the idea from the Egyptians, came up with their own home-grown "
ba'al" in the form of Jehovah, and that the strong monotheism of the Medes and Persians which they encountered at the time of their release from the Babylonian Captivity gave the Jawists the opportuntity to finally quash the Moloch cult and Baal cults which could not be subsumed into the Jehovah worship.
The Catholic Encyclopedia article on Baal.
Therefore, this author seems to contend that origin stories in the bible were cobbled together by Jawists to compete with the cosmic origin stories of the popular Moloch and Baal cults.