@gettothepoint,
The first sentence is problematic because of a lack of context--not knowing what the sentence which precedes it says makes a judgment difficult. I personally consider it badly written. The readers are unable to ask the author questions. It is possible that, in context, the commas are useful. Standing alone, i would eliminate not only the first comma, but the word "Then."
The first comma in the second sentence is needed. The second comma is not needed because of the word "and," but i would use it if i were writing the sentence.
In the third sentence, "that" could indeed replace the comma, but i think it scans better as it is written. (By the way, it's a nonsensical sentence. Saying that ladies are always present in Jane Austen novels is the equivalent of saying the sun always rises in the east.)
The fourth sentence is fine the way it is written, and in fact the comma is necessary before the word "though."
I am ambivalent about the comma in the fifth sentence, but if i were to write that sentence, i would use the comma as was done.
The sixth sentence is fine as written.
The seventh sentence is fine as written.
In the eighth sentence, the last comma should be replaced by a colon. Commonly, a passage within a sentence which is enclosed in quote marks is introduced by a colon.
I have no advice for you for reading matter on commas.