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Mon 30 Jul, 2012 11:15 pm
1) The scientists used the method in numerous studies until 2000.
2) The scientists used the method in numerous studies by 2000.
No. The implication in 1 is that things changed after 2000, how they changed is not specified. 2 is awkward but they still could be using it after 2000.
and it's "DO 1 and 2 have the same meaning"