Painful stimuli activate nociceptive C fibers and induce synaptic long-term potentiation (LTP) at their spinal terminals. LTP at C-fiber synapses represents a cellular model for pain amplification (hyperalgesia) and for a memory trace of pain. μ-Opioid receptor agonists exert a powerful but reversible depression at C-fiber synapses that renders the continuous application of low opioid doses the gold standard in pain therapy. We discovered that brief application of a high opioid dose reversed various forms of activity-dependent LTP at C-fiber synapses. Depotentiation involved Ca2+-dependent signaling and normalization of the phosphorylation state of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors. This also reversed hyperalgesia in behaving animals. Opioids thus not only temporarily dampen pain but may also erase a spinal memory trace of pain.
That's the sense of it in this context. Be very careful of generally substituting 'render' for 'make'. The word has multiple definitions, and none mean exactly the same as 'make'.
I suggest you take the meaning from context, and avoid using it yourself, unless you feel very confident.
That's the sense of it in this context. Be very careful of generally substituting 'render' for 'make'. The word has multiple definitions, and none mean exactly the same as 'make'.
I suggest you take the meaning from context, and avoid using it yourself, unless you feel very confident.
But I must sympathise, because this passage is total crap, as far as intelligibility is concerned.
You haven't noticed this, McTag, even at your ripe old age. Everything seems difficult/opaque/unintelligible when you don't have a firm grasp of the vocabulary.
You suggested that McTag's comments about the post were down to his inability to grasp the vocabulary, and implied that may have something to do with his age. I think you could have been a bit more diplomatic. Don't get me wrong, there are people on A2K who deserve the full blast of your invective, McTag isn't one of them
I've got something tonight, am missing my Thursday out with the lads, and I can't be bothered with Manchester United on the box. Definitely sickening for something.
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