@spendius,
spendius wrote:We have been able to study primitive societies as they existed when Malinowsky and Mead were working in anthropology and they found matriarchal structures in all they studied. We have Pagan religions to extrapolate backwards from. The Great Mother stuff of Jung and Neumann et al.
It's hardly a damning body of evidence is it? Most pagan societies were patriarchal or tending towards some sort of equal opportunity vis a vis gender.
That isn't proof of a matriarchy.
Indeed, most pagan pantheons I can think of were headed by a male god and focussed on the other male gods and heros by and large in terms of the action. That seems to be the case whether you're talking about Greeks, Celts, Meso-Americans, Pagan Arabs, Pagan Africans, the Hindu pantheon, etc...
Quote:A male priesthood can lead a matriarchal society. It's a bottom up process. (No pun intended.) One might see the veneration of the feminine in every pub and soft furnishing department.
One might, but it doesn't imply a matriarchy.
Historically it used to be that patriarchy was assumed throughout history by those with an academic interest in the subject.
However, some ancient cultures, particularly the celts, were shown to provide a more equal opportunity basis to their society. It was still male-centred in all practicalities, but there was nothing to prevent a driven woman assuming a male role - such as Boudicca.
But the fact that there were Boudiccas didn't stop there being Caractacuses or Vercingetorixs. Most leadership came from men - it was just that some women took charge from time to time.
So it wasn't as patriarchal as people used to assume. There followed a well publicised change in the opinion of historians who had to admit that their earlier vision of male-dominated history was overly simple.
However, the recieved wisdom has now swung the other way, and some layman historians tend to swallow this "once we were matriarchal" argument that has popularised in the wake of pointing out that some 'early' and prehistoric cultures allowed women equal opp's in a more or less limited sense.
Beyond that there is simply no proof of a system in which women governed men in the way that the common use of the word matriarchy implies. And the only evidence for such a system is scant and heavily skewed by the bias of those who present it.
For example, some of those presenting the evidence claim that statues and pictures of women imply matriarchy.
But how is that proof? To illustrate: In renaissance Italy many painters produced what are now considered the most iconic images of women to many - all those pictures and sculptures of Venus and Mary and, of course, the Mona Lisa.
But women in Italy at the time were not heeded as rulers or advisors, in fact the place was overtly masculine in terms of court political intrigues and wars and exploration and mercantile innovation and whatnot. Apart from a poisonous member of the Borgias I have trouble recalling a female personage of the time.
So if iconic images of women implies their rule (either implicitly or not) - why did this period of the renaissance see so little apparent female influence other than as a muse for artists?
Answer: Art does not necessarily reflect a social order.
In fact the reason many historians cite for the drawing of cave paintings was that the painters were courting good luck for their next hunt - paint a stag in the hope of catching it.
With that in mind the creation of artworks depicting women in prehistory might have been less veneration - and more about acquisition!