12
   

From Brain to Consciousness to Mind--the biological basis

 
 
jeeprs
 
  1  
Reply Tue 6 Apr, 2010 08:33 pm
@KaseiJin,
I think the ideas of hierarchy and holarchy (Arthur Koestler's variation of the idea) are indispensable in many fields of study, though. Certainly reductionism - reducing things to their constitutuent parts - has been tremendously powerful. But I still say that reductionism as a philosophy cannot account for many obvious characteristics of large systems, whether these are biological organisms, environmental systems, and so on.

This is why science has to allow for the actuality of emergent characteristics. Emergence refers to characteristics of a system that are not apparent, or even existent, as attributes of the basic ingredients.

ANd, to go back to the many debates I had with KasieJin, who started this thread, when it comes to the brain, the neuorlogical view of the matter cannot possibly hope to account for the subtleties of actual judgement and descrimination. In fact, I don't really know if meaning itself is reducible to anything physical. Every conversation we have about 'the nature of the brain' and every attempt we undertake to try and ascertain how the brain might represent images, and so on, all requires judgement. We have to know what meaning is, already, before we can even start to theorize about how the brain represents or captures or depicts 'meaning'.

So neurological reductionism is forever assuming what it sets out to prove. And reductionism always does this. It is 'nothing-but-ism'. The brain is nothing but neurological tissue, the world is nothing but atoms, H Sapiens are nothing but animals who exist out of nothing but natural selection. I am always going to oppose that viewpoint, although am always grateful for ways in which I can express my opposition to it more clearly.:bigsmile:

---------- Post added 04-07-2010 at 12:38 PM ----------

To which I should add, if I or someone dear to me had a neurological disorder, or required neurosurgical treatment, then of course I would completely defer to the expertise of the neurologists in all of these matters. Whatever specialist knowledge they have of the workings of the brain, I am of course not challenging. But when it comes to questions of philosophy, I see no reason to defer to them whatever.
ughaibu
 
  1  
Reply Tue 6 Apr, 2010 09:01 pm
@jeeprs,
jeeprs;149040 wrote:
when it comes to the brain, the neuorlogical view of the matter cannot possibly hope to account for the subtleties of actual judgement and descrimination. In fact, I don't really know if meaning itself is reducible to anything physical.
The problems with offering reductive causal explanations of consciousness seem to me to be intractable. Classically, causes precede effects, so, if it's the case that chemical reactions in the brain cause consciousness, then consciousness has no simultaneous corresponding chemical events in the brain, which separates consciousness and brains. As consciousness and brains dont appear to be separable, all classical causal models appear to be false.
north
 
  1  
Reply Tue 6 Apr, 2010 09:24 pm
@jeeprs,
jeeprs;149040 wrote:
I think the ideas of hierarchy and holarchy (Arthur Koestler's variation of the idea) are indispensable in many fields of study, though. Certainly reductionism - reducing things to their constitutuent parts - has been tremendously powerful. But I still say that reductionism as a philosophy cannot account for many obvious characteristics of large systems, whether these are biological organisms, environmental systems, and so on.


Quote:
This is why science has to allow for the actuality of emergent characteristics. Emergence refers to characteristics of a system that are not apparent, or even existent, as attributes of the basic ingredients.


such as

Quote:
ANd, to go back to the many debates I had with KasieJin, who started this thread, when it comes to the brain, the neuorlogical view of the matter cannot possibly hope to account for the subtleties of actual judgement and descrimination. In fact, I don't really know if meaning itself is reducible to anything physical. Every conversation we have about 'the nature of the brain' and every attempt we undertake to try and ascertain how the brain might represent images, and so on, all requires judgement. We have to know what meaning is, already, before we can even start to theorize about how the brain represents or captures or depicts 'meaning'.


the thing is though it is the evolution of the brain that accounts for the ABILITY to make judgements and to discriminate between things in the without

meaning , the fundamental thinking upon things , is based on survival

the meaning of animals behaviour etc.... to know their movements , how they feed and feed on

as for images , doesn't require judgements just the ability of the brain to see things as the are , for if the brain did not do so , the any living being would be wiped out , since they could not understand their enviroment , they would make non-sense actions and thoughts

Quote:

So neurological reductionism is forever assuming what it sets out to prove. And reductionism always does this. It is 'nothing-but-ism'. The brain is nothing but neurological tissue, the world is nothing but atoms, H Sapiens are nothing but animals who exist out of nothing but natural selection. I am always going to oppose that viewpoint, although am always grateful for ways in which I can express my opposition to it more clearly.:bigsmile:



I see your point

but reductionism , in the begining , several millions years ago , is how though Humanity learned to survive

the mind is the consentration life energy from the brain
0 Replies
 
jeeprs
 
  1  
Reply Tue 6 Apr, 2010 10:10 pm
@KaseiJin,
well, fair point, North, but I seriously question whether Darwinism can be used to explain philosophy. Mr Evolution himself, namely R. Dawkins, acknowledges that such things as man's higher intellectual capacities can't really be explained directly by appeal to evolution, but must be seen as 'by-products' of the evolutionary process.

Biological reductionism is one thing - that is the attempt to understand H Sapiens as simply a biological entity. Then we now have evolutionary reductionism - which is the attempt to understand H Sapiens purely as the result of the evolutionary process.

Well - we are biological beings, and have evolved, but again, I don't think that either discipline provides a complete account of the nature of human beings. I know there are many who do think that, but I believe there are what we could call 'emergent properties' which are not reducible to the facts of either evolution or biology.

The question I would ask is, why do we invest so much effort in the attempt to explain ourselves via the sciences? I mean, I am all for scientific progress and scientific research and all the benefits that these bring. Certainly the scientific perspective is indispensable, and any philosophical view we hold needs to be in accord with what science tells us. But I don't believe science has the final say in what makes us human.

---------- Post added 04-07-2010 at 02:18 PM ----------

actually Science and Philosophy ought to be viewed as something like a parliament in this day and age. They represent different human temperaments and different areas of understanding. But they balance each other very nicely. Science can be used to stop philosophy wandering off into speculative arguments which have no basis in reality. Philosophy can be called upon to remind scientists that they don't have, and may never have, answers to questions which are simply to broad or to deep to quantify and objectify. But between them, the two disciplines can work to maintain wisdom and advance knowledge.
north
 
  1  
Reply Tue 6 Apr, 2010 10:24 pm
@jeeprs,
jeeprs;149073 wrote:
well, fair point, North, but I seriously question whether Darwinism can be used to explain philosophy.


what do you mean here ?



Quote:
Mr Evolution himself, namely R. Dawkins, acknowledges that such things as man's higher intellectual capacities can't really be explained directly by appeal to evolution, but must be seen as 'by-products' of the evolutionary process.


the evolutionary process is still the essence of the higher intellect though

Quote:
Biological reductionism is one thing - that is the attempt to understand H Sapiens as simply a biological entity. Then we now have evolutionary reductionism - which is the attempt to understand H Sapiens purely as the result of the evolutionary process.


of course , the evolutionary process is physical , then comes the intellectual

Quote:

Well - we are biological beings, and have evolved, but again, I don't think that either discipline provides a complete account of the nature of human beings. I know there are many who do think that, but I believe there are what we could call 'emergent properties' which are not reducible to the facts of either evolution or biology.


give an example of " emergent properties "


Quote:
The question I would ask is, why do we invest so much effort in the attempt to explain ourselves via the sciences? I mean, I am all for scientific progress and scientific research and all the benefits that these bring. Certainly the scientific perspective is indispensable, and any philosophical view we hold needs to be in accord with what science tells us. But I don't believe science has the final say in what makes us human.


the fundamental " idea " of science is greek for knowledge

what makes us Human is US

not god(s) are anything like that , just US
jeeprs
 
  1  
Reply Tue 6 Apr, 2010 10:51 pm
@north,
jeeprs;149073 wrote:
I seriously question whether Darwinism can be used to explain philosophy.


north;149082 wrote:
what do you mean here ?


If you think about it, Darwinism puts forward


  1. Growth with reproduction
  2. Inheritance
  3. Variability
  4. A Ratio of Increase, leading to a struggle for life
  5. Divergence of Character, leading to the Extinction of less improved forms

As sufficient grounds for the explanation of our human capacities.

Dawkins comment on this is as follows:

Quote:
On his world-view, everything about the human mind, all our emotions and spiritual pretensions, all arts and mathematics, philosophy and music, all feats of intellect and of spirit, are themselves productions of the same process that delivered the higher animals. It is not just that without evolved brains spirituality and music would be impossible. More pointedly, brains were naturally selected to increase in capacity and power for utilitarian reasons, until those higher faculties of intellect and spirit emerged as a by-product, and blossomed in the cultural environment provided by group living and language. The Darwinian world-view does not denigrate the higher human faculties, does not 'reduce' them to a plane of indignity. It doesn't even claim to explain them at the sort of level that will seem particularly satisfying, in the way that, say, the Darwinian explanation of a snake-mimicking caterpillar is satisfying.
(My emphasis). Source

I see a contradiction here between, on the one hand, the idea that 'the higher faculties' are the product of these Darwinian laws, and, on the other, the claim that saying this does not 'denigrate them'. To me, it seems that this must subordinate much prior philosophical understanding to the Darwinist account - not just 'the literal interpretation of Genesis'.

In other words, no matter what principles were previously thought to have informed the intellectual life prior to the discovery of evolution, these principles are now to be understood as the 'accidental byproducts' of the struggle for survival. We have developed our intellectual and other capacities as an adjunct to, or unintended consequence of, the evolutionary process. And I think this has many philosophical consequences, as, for example, perfectly well grasped by Neitszche, Sartre, and others.

That is what I mean. But I think I will start a new thread on it, it is a separate topic.
north
 
  1  
Reply Tue 6 Apr, 2010 10:58 pm
@jeeprs,
Quote:
Originally Posted by jeeprs http://www.philosophyforum.com/images/PHBlue/buttons/viewpost.gif
I seriously question whether Darwinism can be used to explain philosophy.

Quote:
Originally Posted by north http://www.philosophyforum.com/images/PHBlue/buttons/viewpost.gif
what do you mean here ?

Quote:

If you think about it, Darwinism puts forward


  1. Growth with reproduction
  2. Inheritance
  3. Variability
  4. [QUOTE]A Ratio of Increase, leading to a struggle for life

[/LIST] don't know what that means
  1. Divergence of Character, leading to the Extinction of less improved forms
As sufficient grounds for the explanation of our human capacities.

[/QUOTE]

yes of course , I see no problem with this

---------- Post added 04-07-2010 at 01:42 AM ----------

if there was no evolution of the brain , the why is there no equal capacity for all Humans to be on equal intellect level , no matter on this planet you live ?

even in enviroments where stimulus can be gotten ? such as cities
0 Replies
 
salima
 
  1  
Reply Wed 7 Apr, 2010 08:29 am
@ughaibu,
ughaibu;149046 wrote:
The problems with offering reductive causal explanations of consciousness seem to me to be intractable. Classically, causes precede effects, so, if it's the case that chemical reactions in the brain cause consciousness, then consciousness has no simultaneous corresponding chemical events in the brain, which separates consciousness and brains. As consciousness and brains dont appear to be separable, all classical causal models appear to be false.


i was just wondering...

what if it's the case that consciousness causes the chemical reactions in the brain? and why would brains and consciousness appear to be inseparable any more so than they might appear to be separable? if one sees evidence of consciousness in the brain through a connection between the two via chemicals...doesnt that suggest they are in fact separate?
ughaibu
 
  1  
Reply Wed 7 Apr, 2010 08:34 am
@salima,
salima;149202 wrote:
what if it's the case that consciousness causes the chemical reactions in the brain?
The same problem applies.
KaseiJin
 
  1  
Reply Mon 12 Apr, 2010 02:24 am
@ughaibu,
I must, and can only, offer my apologies (since I cannot materialize any 'cash-back' schemes, or hand out any candy bars...hee, hee, hee) for being away as long as I have been, from this thread. Not only was it this great pressure to do other things first, but the circumstances of the very thread itself. I must additionally ask that I may be forgiven for even not being able to post much more than once a week, or so, here, even from now--for however long length of time.

As the thread starter, and within the generally acceptable 'rule-of-thumb-like' rights which such endues, I'd like to make a couple of matter-of-fact-like points here (this is, in one sense, a 'recap' of sorts):

[indent]It would be in error, in my opinion, to see this thread as a discussion about, or on science as an academic field, philosophy as an academic field, or theology, even, as an academic field, even though scientific method is the exercise which leads towards the conclusion presented, and elements of philosophy have bearing, even, on that. Along such lines, therefore, comparative analysis would be out of place, as well.

It is improper, as demanded by the very nature of this thread, as set out in the opening posts of mine (esp. but not only), to make claims or assertions void of efforts to validate them, to some degree, with something more than mere opinion--be that of the particular poster, or a third party. However, we should allow some wiggling room on that for things which pretty much are held to be 'known-to-be-true/untrue' things by the far greater number of educated peoples--esp. within a field where points are made towards our topic at hand. (And it would be of no value to consider the requirement of education to be demeaning, or only represented by a diploma of a certain level, as well.)

For the purpose of this thread, and the presentation, discussion, and argumentation within it, the far more acceptable scope of definition for our English word consciousness has been given (and this can be verified with the common English dictionary, even). Therefore, positions/understandings, and/or arguments which discard this definition, are also out of place here. (For example, to assert that consciousness does not require the intrinsic state of 'on-line' reportable knowledge of a physical matter acknowledged by the brain, is to be offering a range of definition which is beyond the normal English definition scope adopted for the purpose of this thread, and is effectively discarding the limits of definition.)

Additionally, whatever term the pre-Buddhist Vedanta schools (simply an example from among a number of 'schools' of old) had had, the English speaker's later merely pinning the English 'consciousness' onto that term, may be a pragmatics (linguistics) error. Then, in line with all the above (as had come up earlier), the theory (because it's surety is higher than mere hypothesis) that consciousness is due to brain, is the best and most consistently demonstrated position.

For the purpose of this thread, regardless of it's perhaps making the talk a little more boring for some, there is no real room, nor need, to take inquiry to impractical (in the pragmatic sense) levels of analysis. The thread's title, when considered carefully, should make that clear enough. To go beyond that seeps out into all things, so as to lead to no conclusion at all--total illusion.[/indent]

I will eventually have to use some detail, from time to time, to demonstrate how brain works at the level I'm presenting, but will refrain as often as possible from doing so. I will try to address some misinformed views (such as, that a module of consciousness, like the module for words and numbers, must be found within the brain to be able to say that consciousness is due to brain--otherwise it is not), as well as some offered points which had come up in ancient days (relative to the time I've been a member on this forum). Again, please forgive the time it takes to do so, and my lack of being able to be on line daily.

KJ
xris
 
  1  
Reply Mon 12 Apr, 2010 03:24 am
@KaseiJin,
Is this a reaffirmation that the conscious mind is purely a biological function and to consider it anything more is futile ?
0 Replies
 
KaseiJin
 
  1  
Reply Mon 12 Apr, 2010 08:45 am
@KaseiJin,
What might you wish to demonstrate, xris? Please more specific, provide detailed accounts of what you have in mind, and refrain from one lined posts, please.
xris
 
  1  
Reply Mon 12 Apr, 2010 10:40 am
@KaseiJin,
KaseiJin;150826 wrote:
What might you wish to demonstrate, xris? Please more specific, provide detailed accounts of what you have in mind, and refrain from one lined posts, please.
Till I know the ground rules that you appear to be asking for , how can I elaborate. It appears we must abide by certain criteria, is that correct?
0 Replies
 
jeeprs
 
  1  
Reply Mon 12 Apr, 2010 03:48 pm
@KaseiJin,
One little-known philosopher in this exact area is Owen Flanagan, of whom Wikipedia says:

Quote:
Flanagan has written extensively on consciousness. He has been realistic about the difficulty of consciousness as a scientific and philosophical problem, but optimistic about the chance of solving the problem. One of the problems in a study of consciousness is the hidden way in which conscious states are dependent on brain states. Flanagan has proposed that there is a "natural method" to go about understanding consciousness that involves creating a science of mind. Three key elements of this developing science are: 1) paying attention to subjective reports on conscious experiences, 2) incorporating the results from psychology and cognitive science, and 3) including the results from neuroscience that will reveal how neuronal systems produce consciousness. Flanagan is also responsible for bringing attention to the relevancy of empirical psychology on the way we think of moral psychology. His efforts spawned the modern field of moral psychology.
Source

Books of his that look to be of particular interest include:

The Problem of Soul: Two Visions of Mind and How to Reconcile Them

The Really Hard Problem - Meaning in a Material World

I note the Wikipedia article says that Flanagan incorporates Hindu and Buddhist philosophical accounts of mind. He seems to me a very interesting all-rounder.


(By the way, we could come up with a good name for the 'new science' he proposes as a 'science of mind'. We could call it: psychology:bigsmile:)
amer
 
  1  
Reply Mon 12 Apr, 2010 05:43 pm
@jeeprs,
jeeprs;151082 wrote:
One little-known philosopher in this exact area is Owen Flanagan, of whom Wikipedia says:

Source

Books of his that look to be of particular interest include:

The Problem of Soul: Two Visions of Mind and How to Reconcile Them

The Really Hard Problem - Meaning in a Material World

I note the Wikipedia article says that Flanagan incorporates Hindu and Buddhist philosophical accounts of mind. He seems to me a very interesting all-rounder.


(By the way, we could come up with a good name for the 'new science' he proposes as a 'science of mind'. We could call it: psychology:bigsmile:)




The problem with these so called new approaches to the brain/mind/consciousness duality/triolity theories is that some of its proponents, when developing such a theory take a leap into the unobservable and the unprovable. Their theories are not only not tested but appear to be untestable.

Perhaps what is needed is to start with what we know about these systems and determine the general theoretical constraints and requirements for such systems. These general constrains and requirements can then be used to develop a generalized theoretical family of possible logical systems.

So, what is the starting point and what do we know? Well, we know that:

1.the brain/mind/thought and consciousness are essentially information processing activities that take place in temporal space.

2. That these processing activities must not be non sequitor and must follow or mimic the laws of causality.

3. The inputs into these processes may or may not be from physically measurable sources and the outputs from these processes also may output into physical and non physical processes.

4. The activity must possess a central control process that can be identified with a unifying physical and conceptual unity.

5. This central process is capable of taking input from both multiple physical and non physical sources, some of which may be mutually exclusive and contradictory and makes a decision as to an immediate or future course of action.

5. The central control activity must be capable of creating new processes without any external inputs.

I am sure these are not rigorous but I only wanted to demonstrate my idea.
jeeprs
 
  1  
Reply Mon 12 Apr, 2010 08:57 pm
@amer,
amer;151117 wrote:
1.the brain/mind/thought and consciousness are essentially information processing activities that take place in temporal space....

...I am sure these are not rigorous but I only wanted to demonstrate my idea.


And I am sure that your approach has considerable merit. The only difficulty is that in regards to this particular subject, the things we think we know, which therefore define our starting points, have an enormous influence on what we end up with.

Take that example. I don't know if you aware of the philosopher Hubert Deyfuss, author of What Computers Can't Do, and Your Mind is Not a Computer, but I assure you, he completely demolishes the idea that the mind is essentially about information processing. Certainly, it must be able to process information. But there is so much more that the mind has to do, before it can even receive information and consider it. So I would suggest that your starting point, though admirable, is only one among many others. If you start with a particular model in mind, it will determine the kinds of things you look for, and no more so in such a subtle, complex and nuanced area as 'mind'.
amer
 
  1  
Reply Tue 13 Apr, 2010 07:35 am
@jeeprs,
jeeprs;151195 wrote:
And I am sure that your approach has considerable merit. The only difficulty is that in regards to this particular subject, the things we think we know, which therefore define our starting points, have an enormous influence on what we end up with.

Take that example. I don't know if you aware of the philosopher Hubert Deyfuss, author of What Computers Can't Do, and Your Mind is Not a Computer, but I assure you, he completely demolishes the idea that the mind is essentially about information processing. Certainly, it must be able to process information. But there is so much more that the mind has to do, before it can even receive information and consider it. So I would suggest that your starting point, though admirable, is only one among many others. If you start with a particular model in mind, it will determine the kinds of things you look for, and no more so in such a subtle, complex and nuanced area as 'mind'.


Jeeprs - I quite agree with you but only up to a point. Yes the starting paramenters can lead to the wrong answers but only if they are not generalized enough.

Also, I agree that the brain/mind is more than a computational machine. Actually, the intellectual distinction is not in computation/non compution etc because the pronents of AI will strongly argue that a thinking machine can be constructed, which does much more than computation. I think the distinction between mind and a non concious mechanical devise is just that - Congnition, both of the self and of its surroundings.

Another distinction (and may be defining one) that was cited by one of the earlier 20th century thinkers was whether it was logically possible to code a mechanical device with an algorithm that enabled it to behave and perform the activities of a complex mind. For example, is it even possible to devise an algorithm for some of the processes that take place in the mind? Here is an extreme case. The mind can do complex mathematics, even conceptualize mathematics for which no algorithm can be created e.g. Godel's incompleteness theorem. In other words, the mind is capable of processing the concepts associated with the incompleteness theorem although the theorem itself cannot be codified in a form of an algorithm. Therefore, how would you, even with the most complex of mechanical devices impart the algorithm to that device to comtemplate the theorem? i.e. the conclusion being that the device will for ever be incomplete in its 'mind' capabilities.

Note, though that, these complex ideas that the mind processes are information (not necessarily computation but information). Even the most nebulous of thought that takes place in the human mind, pleasure, love , thought, mathematics, etc etc is information processing in temporal space and as far as I can think each and every 'thought' conform to the 5/6 conditions I had earlier set out.

It is for this reason that I would still argue that the approach I have suggested if applied with the right tools could push this field of thought forward ( sorry - no pun intended). So, what are the tools required? I believe it will be mathematics to model these general sets of processes. I believe it will be a representation of SU8 Lie algebra.
xris
 
  1  
Reply Tue 13 Apr, 2010 07:47 am
@amer,
Once again we return to the old argument , can you really claim we could create an artificial consciousness, if we cant even qualify what consciousness is, exactly?

A monkey has a certain ability but it has not the ability to reason with the conscious mind of a human. When this machine can mimic a monkeys brain then I might start listening.
0 Replies
 
jeeprs
 
  1  
Reply Tue 13 Apr, 2010 08:03 am
@KaseiJin,
thanks Amer! Very interesting. I agree that all of these lines of enquiry are fruitful and interesting, and indeed push the boundaries forward, as you say.

That comment about 'not generalized enough' is interesting. The more general something is, the harder it is to specify (of course!) Bertrand Russell once said something like, philosophy mainly consists of words that you think you know the meaning of, until you try to explain them. 'Mind' is the mother of all such words.

But I am intrigued by your last sentence. If you could please be so kind as to try and provide a brief explanation of this idea, in such a way that a mathematically non-advanced person might be able to understand it, I would be grateful.
amer
 
  1  
Reply Tue 13 Apr, 2010 08:53 am
@jeeprs,
jeeprs;151327 wrote:
thanks Amer! Very interesting. I agree that all of these lines of enquiry are fruitful and interesting, and indeed push the boundaries forward, as you say.

That comment about 'not generalized enough' is interesting. The more general something is, the harder it is to specify (of course!) Bertrand Russell once said something like, philosophy mainly consists of words that you think you know the meaning of, until you try to explain them. 'Mind' is the mother of all such words.

But I am intrigued by your last sentence. If you could please be so kind as to try and provide a brief explanation of this idea, in such a way that a mathematically non-advanced person might be able to understand it, I would be grateful.


Hi jeeprs - I will come back to SU8 another day. I think at this time for me it is more of an hypothesis but I will be happy to tell you more about why I think that where a possible solution may lie.

I like your comment about the twin edged sword that comes with generality. In mathematics of course generality is actually very specific! It describes the general families, or spaces that conform to certain conditions / rules.

Clearly, if the language of the 'final' description is mathematics then this 'generality' will have a precise meaning. Look what Godel did with his Incompleteness Theorem. The generality of his theory effectively destroyed Russell's approach to logical reductionism.

generality is not to be feared but something to be sought out.
0 Replies
 
 

Related Topics

New Propulsion, the "EM Drive" - Question by TomTomBinks
The Science Thread - Discussion by Wilso
Why do people deny evolution? - Question by JimmyJ
Are we alone in the universe? - Discussion by Jpsy
Fake Science Journals - Discussion by rosborne979
Controvertial "Proof" of Multiverse! - Discussion by littlek
 
Copyright © 2024 MadLab, LLC :: Terms of Service :: Privacy Policy :: Page generated in 0.03 seconds on 04/25/2024 at 05:49:55