Influence of Spanish on American English?

Chicano English has many features, especially in the phonology, that show the influence of Spanish.

Consonants variations

* The devoicing of [z] in all environments: Examples: [isi] for "easy"; [wʌs/was] for "was".
* The devoicing of [v] in word-final position: Examples: [lʌf] for "love"; [hɛf] for "have"; [waifs] for "wives"; and [laifs] for "lives".
* Chicano speakers may realize the "v" as a "b": Examples: "Live" [lib], "invite"[inbait].
* They pronounce TH as a single D or T/S/F, so "that" is pronounced [dɛt] and "think" may be pronounced [tink], [fink] or [sink].
* The realization of Y for J[d?'] and the realization of J for Y, so:

"Joking" is [Yoʊkin], "You" is [d?'u], "Jet" is [yɛt], "Just" is [yʌs] and, "Yet" is [d?'ɛt].

* M at the end of a words becomes [n] or [ŋ], so Welcome is [wɛlcʌn] or [wɛlcʌŋ].
* Words with a G sounding like [d?'] are pronounced like [?'], so:

"Change" is [ʃein?'].

* /tʃ/ merges with /ʃ/.

So sheep and cheap are pronounced like [ʃip].

* R is pronounced as a flap, so ready is [ɾɛɾi]

[edit] Vowels variations

* Chicano English speakers merge æ and ɛ,

So man and men are homophonous as.

* ɪ and i mergers into .

So ship and sheep are pronounced like the latter.

Final consonant deletion

The rules of Spanish allow only [n], [l], [s], [r], and [y] to occur at the end of words. All other single consonants in English would thus be unfamiliar to Chicano English speakers in this environment.

"Most" becomes "mos"; "Felt" becomes "fell", "Start"becomes"star".

* The rhythm tends to be syllable-timed, meaning syllables take up roughly the same amount of time with roughly the same amount of stress. Standard American English is stress-timed, meaning that only stressed syllables are evenly timed. Most Romance languages (of which Spanish is a member) are syllable-timed.
* /t/ and /d/ is realized as dental stops [t̪] and [d̪] rather than the standard American and AAVE alveolars [t] and [d]. Dentalization is also common in New York European American dialect.
* Devoicing of voiced obstruent codas (e.g., characterize may be realized with a final [s])
* Consonant cluster simplifications such as the loss of dental stops after nasals (e.g., bent) and fricatives, (e.g., left, test). this leads to a characteristic plural, in which words like tests are pronounced [t̪ɛst̪ɪs], sometimes written as testes.
* /l/ onsets are clear, unlike those of most other New Yorkers, but, curiously, similar to those in some European American dialects in other parts of the US such as Philadelphia.
* lack of inversion or do support particularly in first and second person questions (I can go to the bathroom?)
* Calques and direct translations of Spanish expressions and words (e.g., owned by the devil, instead of possessed by the devil, closed meaning locked.
* /u/ after coronals is not fronted as in New York European American varieties.
* Pronunciation is predominantly non-rhotic. The vernacular tends to be non-rhotic, and cultivated forms rhotic, as in AAVE and some European American varieties.

It is possible to differentiate this variety from an interlanguage spoken by second language speakers in that NYLE does not contain:

* There are no confusions of tense and lax vowels, outside contexts where other native speakers often vary usage.

* There is no addition of /ɛ/ before initial consonant clusters with /s/.
* Speakers do not confuse of /d?'/ with /j/, (e.g., Yale with jail).

I am more interested in the influence of Spanish on South-Western accents of American English than vocabulary loans from Spanish. Do you have any information on that, from personal observations perhaps? Are non-Hispanic people from California beginning to adopt some pronunciation features from Hispanics? Do you think Spanish could have a significant influence on Am.English in the future?

Do you think Spanish could have a significant influence on Am.English in the future?