AMERICAN CONSERVATISM IN 2008 AND BEYOND

But what does "without apportionment among the several states, and without regard to any census or enumeration" mean?

... in 1913, the tax was not flat either. Its never been flat, ican.

I don't think any tax has ever been unversally and totally flat, any tax always makes distinctions or choices between which dollars, which items, or which activities that are being taxed.

Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct.

THERE ARE FIVE ISSUES

(1) ARE the courts required to comply with Constitution, or is the Constitution required to comply with the courts?

(2) IS a tax on a free person’s income a direct tax?

(3) WHAT does the USA Constitution mean by its phrase:
"all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States"?

(4) IF the phrase in the Constitution, "all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States," means that impost taxes on incomes shall be equal for each dollar taxed, THEN is a progressive income tax illegal?

(5) IF progressive income taxes are illegal, THEN is it worth our while to try to get Supreme Court justices appointed that will decide progressive income taxes are illegal?

Another means of silently lessening the inequality of property is to exempt all from taxation below a certain point, and to tax the higher portions or property in geometrical progression as they rise

The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution

This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land

http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/unabridged
Main Entry: para•dos Pronunciation Guide
Pronunciation: par däs, -d s, -d
Function: noun
Inflected Form(s): plural parados \-d z\; or paradoses \-däs z, -d s z\
Etymology: French, from para- (as in parasol) + dos back, from Latin dorsum -- more at PARASOL
: a bank of earth behind a fortification trench -- compare PARAPET 1

Article I. Section 8. ... but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States

http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/
Main Entry: uni•form•ly Pronunciation Guide
Pronunciation: | | l
Function: adverb
: in a uniform manner : so as to be uniform


Main Entry: 1 uni•form Pronunciation Guide
Pronunciation: yün f rm
Function: adjective
Inflected Form(s): sometimes -er/-est
Etymology: Middle French uniforme, from Latin uniformis, from uni- + -formis -form
1 : marked by lack of variation, diversity, change in form, manner, worth, or degree : showing a single form, degree, or character in all occurrences or manifestations <the Shasta dam ... will keep the flow of the Sacramento relatively uniform throughout the year -- American Guide Series: California> <Great Russian itself has dialects, though generally speaking for so widespread a language it is remarkably uniform -- W.J.Entwhistle & W.A.Morison>
2 : marked by complete conformity to a rule or pattern or by similarity in salient detail or practice : CONSONANT, ALIKE <how far churches are bound to be uniform in their ceremonies -- Richard Hooker>
3 : marked by unvaried and changeless appearance (as of surface, color, or pattern) <so many uniform red hills -- Willa Cather>
4 : consistent in conduct, character, or effect : lacking in variation, deviation, or unequal or dissimilar operation <the constitution has conferred on Congress the right to establish a uniform rule of naturalization -- R.B.Taney>
synonym see LIKE, STEADY

Main Entry: uni•form•i•ty Pronunciation Guide
Pronunciation: f (r)m d. , - t , -i
Function: noun
Inflected Form(s): -es
Etymology: Middle English uniformite, from Middle French uniformité, from Late Latin uniformitat-, uniformitas, from Latin uniformis uniform + -itat-, -itas -ity -- more at UNIFORM
1 : the quality or state or an instance of being uniform (as by conformance to one pattern or adherence to one standard) <the insistence on uniformity in religion> <a rule of uniformity that all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the U.S.>
2 : the condition of having the constituent elements lacking in individuality or variability or so arranged as to give a uniform effect to the whole to which they belong; often : SAMENESS, MONOTONY

Main Entry: direct tax Pronunciation Guide
Function: noun
: a tax exacted directly from the person on whom the ultimate burden of the tax is expected to fall <property, income, gift, inheritance, and poll taxes are generally included under direct taxes>

ArticleI.Section 2., last paragraph: The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment.

Article I. Section 3., paragraphs 6 and 7: The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two thirds of the members present.
Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under the United States: but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according to law.