The expression "wall of separation between church and state" comes from a letter which Jefferson wrote the congregation of the Baptist Church in Danbury, Connecticutt. I acknowledge, before anyone else decides to make an unfounded charge against me of hypocricy, that i entertain a low opinion of Thomas Jefferson.
So my point is not what Jefferson did or did not think about the subject. My point is to underline Brandon's remark about the wisdom of the founders in taking steps to avoid the establishment of theocracy, or even just the establishment of any religion. What is known to jurists as "the separation clause" (Jefferson was/is not the only one to see this as an issue of separation) of the First Amendement:
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof . . . had exactly the intent Brandon has pointed to.
In Europe, from Jan Hus in the first decade of the 15th century until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, religion was a
causus belli for one war after the other, regardless of whether or not they resolved politically. Religion was commonly established in European nations, and still was at the time the Constitution was written. More significantly, the colonies which were to rebel and form the United States had several examples of religious establishment. Massachusetts and Connecticutt had had Puritan foundations, and therefore had establishments of the Congregational Church. Virginia had a foundation of what we now call the Anglican or Episcopal Church. Early in the 18th century, a revivalism with a distinct evangelical nature was imported from England. In England, it would eventually lay the foundation of evangelism from which John Wesley and Methodism would arise. In the American colonies, it lead to a phenomenon which has been called (and much overrated) the Great Awakening. The genuine evidence stronly suggests that it had no affect on most colonists. But those who were affected were profoundly affected--and in Massachusetts and Connecticutt, the religious establishment used the power of government to crush the evangelical movement, and to hunt down and punish the itinerant revivalist ministers. In the colonies which were not much affected, the Baptists and the Presbyterians were nevertheless badly divided within their synods, and the Baptists permanently split.
So it become reasonable to see why the first clause of this amendment concerns itself with religion--both religious freedom, and freedom from religion. One of the ways the Federalists secured the ratification of the Constitution was to directly address the most powerful criticism of their opponents, the lack of a statement of basic individual rights. The Federalists promised that a Bill of Rights would be the first business on their agenda, and when the First Congress met in New York, the Speaker of the House, Frederick Augustus Muhlenberg, made it his principle order of business. This amendment was the third in the list sent to the states, but it was the first amendment to be ratified, which speaks to the significance that the states and their people attached to the freedoms of and from religion, the freedom of speech, the freedom of the press, and the right of peacable assembly.
In late 1801, when Thomas Jefferson had not yet been President for a year, he received a letter from the Danbury (Connecticutt) Baptist Association. In that letter, after assuring the President that none other rejoices more than do they at his inauguration, they begin the second paragraph with this statement:
Quote:Our sentiments are uniformly on the side of religious liberty--that religion is at all times and places a matter between God and individuals--that no man ought to suffer in name, person, or effects on account of his religious opinions--that the legitimate power of civil government extends no further than to punish the man who works ill to his neighbors; . . . (
the entire text of the Danbury letter can be read here.)
The letter then goes on to say that they are only allowed to practice their religion on sufferance, that "therefore what religious privileges we enjoy (as a minor part of the state [meaning that Baptists are a minority in Connecticutt]) we enjoy as favors granted, and not as inalienable rights . . ."--in short, they demand separation of church and state to defend their own liberties as Christians of the Baptist confession.
People in those times of deep religious conviction understood that no man's conscience can be free unless every man's conscience is free. The bible-thumpers who howl about the lack of religion and morality in society in our times do not speak for most Christians, let alone for most Americans of religious conviction.
Brandon is exactly right--the founders understood this issue, and took steps to separate church and state.