gungasnake wrote:Sorry, but that is very far from obvious.
Starting from 1913, Europe had gone for about 100 years without a major war. They had the whole world by the balls and they were so fat and happy they didn't know what to do with themselves. They didn't even have to think; all they needed to do was go on having board meetins, formal balls, parades, Oktoberfests, and all the stuff they always used to do and they'd still have the whole world by the balls and be so fat and happy they wouldn't know what to do.
In 1813, Napoleon's
Grande Armée had been recruited back to near full strength, after the Russian disaster, by bringing in the classes of 1814 and 1815--in other words, they were drafting the teen agers to make up the loss of nearly half a millions in 1812, if one includes the losses in Spain. Spain was the unstaunchable bleeding wound which finally brought down the French empire, but that is usually missed by the shallow reader of history because of the larger events elsewhere. But Napoleon still had to be dealt with, and a Leipsic in 1813,
the Battle of the Nations was fought--the largest battle of the Napoleonic wars. More than a half-a-million combatants were involved, never mind support troops. Napoleon lost--in the Wagram campaign of 1809 and in Spain and Russia, the veteran company grade and field grade officers and non-commissioned officers who had made the French the most modern and effective soldiers on earth had been lost--the French relied up blunt attacks with columns of untrained, inexperienced troops. The winter of 1813-14 saw Napoleon fight the finest campaign which he ever personally conducted against the Austro-Prusso-Russian invasion of France. But the Allies gathered their courage, and his governmental lackeys lost their courage, resulting in the fall of Paris, and Napoleon's eventual exile on the island of Elba. He came back in 1815, and in what Wellington described as "a damned close run thing," the English and the Prussians just managed to defeat him again.
The result of the fall of Napoleon for Spain was the rise of Liberal and secularist government under Isabell II. Don Carlos lead the reactionary revolution against her government, and the
Carlistas and the Isabellistas fought a civil war in Spain off an on from 1833 to 1876. The reactionary element remained such a disruptive force in the Spanish polity even after 1876, that the supporters of Franco in the Spanish civil war who were not members of the Falange were known as Carlists.
What we know of as
Belgium was under the control of the Dutch after the 1815 settlement, and the discontent of the Flemish and the Waloons under Dutch rule lead to insurrection in 1830--a monarchical republic was declared in 1831. The Dutch invaded in 1831, a war in which France threatened to intervene, until the English managed to wangle a settlement at the 1832 London Conference.
The
Congress of Vienna of 1815 had imposed a reactionary, monarchical settlement on Europe, under which the people simmered with resentment. In 1848,
Socialist uprisings broke out all over Europe, leading to the first Paris Commune and the fall of the "republican King," Louis Philippe. The "Holy Alliance" of Russia, Prussia and Austria ruthlessly crushed the uprisings in Germany, Italy and Poland, leading to a huge wave of emmigration to France, England and the United States. The "Forty-eighters" among the Germans in America formed a significant part of Mr. Lincoln's Army, and Franz Sigel, Louis Blenker and Carl Schurz rose to high rank in the Federal Armies.
In Italy, there were uprisings against the reactionary rule of Austria and the corrupt Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and the Piedmont Kingdom from 1820 to 1866. Manzini, Cavour and Garibaldi all became heroes of the Italians for their fight for Italian independence. After the fall of Louis Philippe in France, he was briefly succeeded by his son, but finally a republic was declared in 1850. The year had not run out when Louis Bonaparte, the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, lead a coup which toppled the Republic and established the Second Empire, with Louis declaring himself the Emperor Napoleon III. His invasion of Italy in 1859, with the horribly bloody battles of Solferino and Magenta broke the back of Austrian power in Italy, leading to the successful revolutionary movement of Cavour and Garibaldi.
In 1853, a stupid squabble between Roman Catholic monks (backed by France and Napoleon III) and Orothodox monks (backed by Russian and Nicholas I) over the keys to the church in Bethlehem were the putative Christ was alleged to have been born lead to a confrontation between Turkey and Russia, and the war which is popularly known as
the Crimean War. France convinced Turkey that Europe would back their play, and managed to drag the English in. Austria was convinced to stand aside.
The Emperor Nicholas I of Russia was the most reactionary of three monarchs of the Holy Alliance, with his slogan "One Tsar, one Church, one Russia." He was not long-lived, but he lived long enough for the Chechens and the Ingush to attempt to take advantage of the war and attempt to rise against Russian rule. That war has had its pauses, but the Chechens and the Ingush have been fighting against Russian rule ever since. The Kingdom of Sardinia (an island south of Corsica) sent the Piedmontese Army (the north-western part of Italy was part of the Kingdom) to fight with the English, and they performed well. Many of the veterans fought with Garibaldi in 1860.
I will leave out the Franco-Belgian invasion of Mexico, as it did not take place in Europe. I will note that Germany attacked and defeated Demark over
Schleswig and Holstein in 1864, and then in 1866, fought and defeated
Austria for control of Germany. Eventually, Bismark cobbled together an excuse to attack Napoleon III and France in
Franco-Prussian War of 1870.
Bismark called
the Congress of Berlin in 1878 to avert war between Turkey and Russia (the situation in the Balkans having been destablized by the 1853 Russo-Turkish War, the "Crimean War"), as Greece attacked Turkey and Montenegro and Bulgaria declared their independence. I will simply point to
the First Balkan War and
the Second Balkan War.
That's Gunga Din's one hundred years without a major war. Now watch him dance to assert that these were not major events. If that's one hundred years of peace, Dog forbid that Europe ever experience a hundred years of war.