NANCY is the capital of the Meurthe-et-Moselle département and the Lorraine région, in eastern France, in what was formerly the province of Lorraine.
Until the 18th century Nancy was composed of two distinct fortified towns. To the north stood the medieval city, the Ville-Vieille (Old Town), and to the south the Ville-Neuve (New Town), founded in the late 16th century. In 1750 Stanislaw I (Stanislaw Leszczynski), king of Poland and father-in-law of Louis XV (reigned 1715-74), pulled down the walls that separated the two towns and commissioned the French architect Emmanuel Héré de Corny to design a new, well-planned city centre. The town was further enlarged after the Franco-German War of 1870-71 and during the 20th century.
The central group of buildings erected by Héré under Stanislaw I constitutes one of the most perfect and homogeneous existing examples of 18th-century French architecture. The rectangular public square called the Place Stanislas measures 400 by 350 feet (120 by 105 m) and has four cutoff corners ornamented by wrought-iron railings edged with gilding. On one side of the square is the handsome town hall (hôtel de ville), and on another side is the Musée des Beaux-Arts, which has a fine collection of Baroque and Rococo paintings. Opposite the town hall is a monumental arch, built in honour of Louis XV; it opens onto the oblong Place de la Carrière (16th-18th century). The 18th-century Palais du Gouvernement, standing at the end of this square, has a fine Greek Ionic colonnade. Adjoining the building is the former Palais Ducal (mostly 16th-century), which now houses the Musée Historique Lorrain, with its rich collection of regional art and folklore.
In the 11th century Nancy was a small township dominated by a castle. Fortified in the 12th century, it became the capital of the dukes of Lorraine. In 1477 Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy (1467-77), was killed while trying to capture the town. During the 16th century it became prosperous; and Charles II (or III), the Great, duke of Lorraine and the Bar (1543-1608), founded a separate new town, the Ville-Neuve, which was captured by the French in 1633 and restored to the dukes of Lorraine after the Treaty of Rijswijk in 1697. Louis XV granted Nancy and the duchy of Lorraine to Stanislaw I after he lost the Polish crown in 1735. At Stanislaw's death in 1766, the city passed to France. After the Franco-German War of 1870-71, the population increased considerably, as Nancy became the main refuge for French-speaking emigrants from Alsace and Metz, which had come under German rule. Nancy suffered damage in World War I but was almost unharmed during World War II.
Nancy, which has been largely supplanted by Metz (30 miles [50 km] to the north) as an industrial centre, has chemical, clothing, and food-processing industries. The town has also developed as an administrative and financial capital. The old university (founded 1572), now called the University of Nancy, was closed during the French Revolution but was reestablished during the early 19th century. It is now split into a unit for the sciences and one for the humanities and social sciences. Nancy is presently associated with Metz as a "métropole d'équilibre," or focus of urban development, one of eight in France. The two cities have been connected by high-speed railroad.
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