Spanish phonetic transcription

C cedilla Word: WordStarts withEnds withDefinition
A cedilla is a hook (¸) added under certain consonant letters as a diacritic A diacritic mark or accent mark is an additional mark added to a basic letter. The word derives from Greek διακρητικός, distinguishing and diacritical is used to mean distinguishing or distinctive.
The mark can be added over, under, or through the letter. Some marks can be diacritics, as well as have other usages. Some marks are considered to be part of the letter, e.g. the dot over "i".
..... Click the link for more information. mark to modify their pronunciation. The tail is the bottom half of a miniature cursive Cursive is a style of handwriting in which all the letters in a word are connected, making a word one single (complicated) stroke. In the United States, cursive is usually taught in second or third grade (around ages seven to nine). In British English, the phrase "Joined-up writing" is far more commonly used.

Cursive is considered distinct from the so-called "printing" style of handwriting, in which the letters of a word are unconnected, and from "print-writing", which is a cross between cursive and printing, with some unconnected letters and some connected.
..... Click the link for more information. z or Ezh Ezh (capital Ʒ, lowercase ʒ) is a character in the IPA alphabet: . Also called the Tailed Z, it is a voiced postalveolar fricative. (SAMPA: [Z])

Ezh is used for the 's' sound in words like vision: /ˈvɪʒən/ (SAMPA: ["vIZ@n])

In Unicode 1.0 the character was mistakenly unified with the quite different character Yogh, which was not added to Unicode until Unicode 3.0. Yogh was used in the old English alphabet. Ezh is used in some othographies of the Sami languages, both by itself, and with a hacek.
..... Click the link for more information. : Ʒ/ʒ (

). The name "cedilla" is the diminutive A Diminutive is a prefix or suffix (usually a suffix) added to a word in order to convey the sense of a smaller size.

Australian Usage Australian English is famous for its use of Diminutives, most commonly used with the "-za" suffix. Thus "Barry" becomes "Bazza", "Gary" becomes "Gazza" and "Harry" becomes "Hazza". A diminutive for "Larry" (which would be "Lazza" under this system) is very rare, while there has also been a trend towards changing "Jarrod" or "Jared" to "Jazza". Female names are also shortened, such as "Sharon" becoming "Shazza".
..... Click the link for more information. of the old Spanish name for zed, ceda. An obsolete spelling of "cedilla" is "cerilla" because the letters d and r were interchangeable in 16th-century Spanish Spanish is an Iberian Romance language, and the third or fourth most spoken language in the world. It is spoken as a first language by about 352 million people, or by 417 million including non-native speakers (according to 1999 estimates). The majority of Spanish speakers live in Latin America.

Spanish (español or castellano)
Spoken in: Mexico, Colombia, Spain, Argentina, USA and 40 other countries.

..... Click the link for more information. .

The most frequent character with cedilla is the ç (c with cedilla). This letter was used for the sound of the affricate [ts] in old Spanish. Spanish has not used it since an orthographic reform in the 18th century (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries)

As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century was that century which lasted from 1701-1800; however, historians will sometimes specifically refer to the 18th Century as 1715-89; which denotes the period of time between the death of King Louis XIV and the start of the French Revolution. In Europe, the primary
..... Click the link for more information. .

C-cedilla was adopted for writing other languages, like French French (le français, la langue française) is one of the most important Romance languages, outnumbered only by Spanish and Portuguese. French is the 11th most spoken language in the world, spoken by about 77 million people (called Francophones) as a mother tongue, and 128 million including second language speakers, in 1999. It is an official or administrative language in various communities and organizations (such as the European Union, IOC, United Nations and Universal Postal Union).
..... Click the link for more information. , Portuguese Portuguese (português) is a Romance language spoken in various countries, including Portugal, Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, East Timor and Galiza, where is also named Galego or Galego-Português. With more than 200 million native speakers, Portuguese is the fifth or sixth most popular mother-tongue language in the world, and the second Romance language, outnumbered only by Spanish, and one of the few languages spoken all over the world.
..... Click the link for more information. , Catalan

Linguistic Demographics Catalan (Català, Valencià) is a Romance language (see also Iberian Romance Languages) spoken in a territory populated by some 11 million people that spans the states of Spain, France, Andorra and Italy:

Catalonia (Catalunya) in Spain, where it is co-official with Spanish (Sp. Castellano, Cat. Castellà

..... Click the link for more information. , unofficial Basque
Basque
Spoken in: Spain and France
Region: Basque Country
Total speakers: 580,000
Ranking: Not in top 100
Genetic
classification: Language isolate
Official status
Official language of: Spain
Regulated by: Euskaltzaindia
Language codes
ISO 639-1: eu
ISO 639-2(B): baq
ISO 639-2(T): eus
SIL: BSQ

Basque is the language spoken by the Basque people, who live in northern Spain and the adjoining area of southwestern France. The Standard Basque name for the language is euskara; other dialectal forms are euskera, eskuara and üskara. Although it is geographically entirely surrounded by Indo-European languages, it is believed to be a language isolate.
..... Click the link for more information. , Occitan Occitan, or langue d'oc is a Romance language spoken across the southern third of France (to the south of the Loire), as well as in some of the Alpine valleys in Italy and in the Val d'Aran in Spain.

The name of the language comes from oc, the medieval Occitan word for yes, as opposed to northern French or langue d'oïl (the ancestor of the modern French oui). The word oc came from Latin hoc, while oïl originated from Latin hoc ille. The word Occitan is modelled after the historical region of Occitania, which in turn is modelled after Aquitania, a former Roman administrative region.
..... Click the link for more information. , and some Friulian

Friulian (Furlan)
Spoken in: the eastern part of Italy
Region: Friuli-Venezia Giulia
Total speakers: 600,000
Ranking: N/A
Genetic
classification: Indo-European
Rhaetian languages
Friulian
Official status
Official language of: No country. Officially recognized in Italy with the law 482/1999
Regulated by: Osservatori Regjonâl de Lenghe e de Culture Furlanis
Language codes
ISO 639-2 fur
SIL FRL
..... Click the link for more information. dialects, where it represents /s/ where "c" would normally represent /k/ (for example, while ca is normally pronouced as /ka/, ça is pronouced as /sa/); or Turkish Turkish is a Turkic language, spoken by about 70 million speakers in Turkey and over 85 million speakers world-wide. The Turkish name for the language is Türkçe.

Turkish (Türkçe)
Spoken in: Turkey
Region: -
Total speakers: 85 Million
Ranking: 19
Genetic
classification: Altaic (disputed)
Turkic
Southern
Turkish
Turkish
Official status
Official language of: Turkey, Cyprus
Regulated by: -
Language codes
ISO 639-1 tr
ISO 639-2 tur , ota
SIL TRK
..... Click the link for more information. , Albanian Albanian or Shqip is a language spoken by some six million inhabitants of the western Balkan peninsula in the south-eastern Europe (Albanians) and by a small number of people in Calabria, southern Italy.

Some eminent scholars in the field of Albanian language have been Johann Georg von Hahn, Franz Bopp, Gustav Meyer, Norbert Jokl, Eqrem Çabej, Stuart Edward Mann, Carlo Tagliavini, Wacław Cimochowski, Eric Pratt Hamp and Agnija Desnickaja.
..... Click the link for more information. , Azerbaijani

The Azerbaijani language, also called Azeri, Azari, Azeri Turkish, or Azerbaijani Turkish, is the official language of Republic of Azerbaijan. Some dialects of the language are spoken in many parts of Iran (but most notably in the northwestern areas, known as the Iranian Azarbaijan), where it is the most popular minority language and there are more speakers than any other country in the world. The language is also spoken in Russia's Republic of Dagestan, Georgia, northern Iraq, and eastern Turkey.
..... Click the link for more information. , Tatar

Tatar (Tatar tele/Tatarça)
Spoken in: Idel-Ural, Russia, Ukraine, Turkey, China, Finland, former Soviet Union
Region: Eastern Europe, Central Asia
Total speakers: 8 million
Ranking: 95
Genetic classification: Altaic languages :Turkic languages ::Northwestern (Qypchaq-Bolghar) :::Uralian ::::Tatar
Official status
Official language of: Tatarstan
Regulated by: -
Language codes
ISO 639-1 tt
ISO 639-2 tat
SIL TTR
..... Click the link for more information. , Turkmen Turkmen (Туркмен, ISO 639-1: tk, ISO 639-2: tuk) is the name of the national language of Turkmenistan. Turkmen is spoken by approximately 3,430,000 people in Turkmenistan, and by an additional approximately 3,000,000 people in other countries, including Iran (2,000,000), Afghanistan (500,000), and Turkey (1,000).

Turkmen is in the Turkic family. Sometimes grouped in larger, but disputed Altaic language family. It is a southern Turkic language, in the Turkmenian group, closely related to Crimean Turkish and Salar, and less closely related to Turkish and Azeri (Azerbaijani).
..... Click the link for more information. , Kurdish


Geographic distributionThe Kurdic languages (also called dialects of Kurdish) are spoken in the region loosely called Kurdistan including Kurdish populations in parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey.


Classification and related languagesThe Kurdic languages belongs to the Iranian branch of the Indo-European family of languages, being closest to Persian among
..... Click the link for more information. (at least the Mahabad dialect), and some Friulian

Friulian (Furlan)
Spoken in: the eastern part of Italy
Region: Friuli-Venezia Giulia
Total speakers: 600,000
Ranking: N/A
Genetic
classification: Indo-European
Rhaetian languages
Friulian
Official status
Official language of: No country. Officially recognized in Italy with the law 482/1999
Regulated by: Osservatori Regjonâl de Lenghe e de Culture Furlanis
Language codes
ISO 639-2 fur
SIL FRL
..... Click the link for more information. dialects, where it is used for the sound of the affricate [tS] (the same of English in church). It is also used in a Romanization In antiquity, Romanization or Latinization was also the imposition of Roman culture and language.


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A Romanization or Latinization is a system for representing a word or language with the Latin alphabet, where the original word or language used a writing system other than the Roman alphabet. Three methods may be used to carry out Romanization: transliteration, transcription and phonemic conversion. Each Romanization has its own set of rules for pronunciation of the Romanized words.
..... Click the link for more information. of Arabic
Arabic (عربية `Arabiyya)
Spoken in: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen by a majority, many other countries as a minority language
Region: Arab world
Total speakers: 225 million (Ethnologue, native speakers of all dialects)

..... Click the link for more information. . As a phonetic
Category:Linguistics

Phonetics is the study of speech sounds (voice). It is concerned with the actual nature of the sounds and their production, as opposed to phonology, which operates at the level of sound systems and linguistic units called phonemes. Discussions of meaning (semantics) do not enter at this level of linguistic analysis. Phones, the objects of study in phonetics, are actual
..... Click the link for more information. symbol, [ç] is the International Phonetic Alphabet This article is about the alphabet officially used in linguistics. The NATO phonetic alphabet ("alpha bravo") has been informally and nonstandardly called the International Phonetic Alphabet as well.


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The International Phonetic Alphabet is a phonetic alphabet used by linguists to accurately and uniquely represent each of the wide variety of sounds (phones or phonemes) the human vocal apparatus can produce. It is intended as a notational standard for the phonetic representation of all languages. Most of its symbols are taken from the Roman alphabet or derived from it, some are taken from the Greek alphabet, and some are apparently unrelated to any standard alphabet.
..... Click the link for more information. symbol for the voiceless palatal fricative The voiceless palatal fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ç, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is C.


Features of this consonant:

Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.


..... Click the link for more information. .
And the s-cedilla, ş, represents /S/ (as in show) in Turkish, Azerbaijan, Tatar, Turkmen, and Kurdish. It is also used in some Romanizations of Arabic, Persian Persian (فارسی), also known as Farsi, Parsi, Tajiki or Dari, is a language spoken in Iran, Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Uzbekistan. It has official-language status in the first three countries. There are over 38 million http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1000 native speakers. It belongs to the Indo-European language family. It is of the Subject Object Verb type.
..... Click the link for more information. , and Pashto
Pushtu (پښتو)
Spoken in: Afghanistan, Pakistan
Region: Afghanistan: south, east and a few provinces in the north; Pakstan: western provinces
Total speakers: c. 17 million
Ranking: 82 (Northern), 92 (Southern). See http://www.davidpbrown.co.uk/help/top-100-languages-by-population.html .
Genetic
classification: Indo-European
Iranian
Southeastern
Pushtu
Official status
Official language of: Afghanistan
Regulated by:
Language codes
ISO 639-1 ps
ISO 639-2 pus
SIL PST
..... Click the link for more information. , for the letter ar_r.

In the Turkish alphabet The current Turkish alphabet used for the Turkish language replaced the earlier arabic alphabet and was created at the initative of Kemal Atatürk by borrowing different Latin characters in 1928. The letter ?- was taken from the Swedish alphabet because the Swedish interpreter from the Dragoman House (ambassador house) was assigned to the committee creating the new writing language.
..... Click the link for more information. both Ç and Ş Ş ş (S-cedilla) is a letter used in Turkish, Azeri, Tatar, Kurdish and Turkmenian languages.

This letter is pronounced similarly to "sh" (IPA: [ʃ]).

Example words: Timişoara, Eskişehir, Şimarik

It is sometimes used to represent the Romanian letter Ș/ș (S with comma) on outdated systems which do not support the glyph.


See also Cedilla for more information on this diacritic

..... Click the link for more information. are considered separate letters, not variants of C and S.
A few words used in English have a ç, almost all of which are borrowings from French. The most common English word taking a cedilla is probably "façade".

The Romanian Romanian (Română) is an Eastern Romance language, spoken by about 28 million people, most of them in Romania, Moldova (where it is the official language) and neighbouring countries.

Romanian (română)
Spoken Romania, Moldova, Russia, Ukraine, Israel, Serbia, Hungary, the Balkans, Canada, USA, Germany, Finland.
Region Eastern Europe
Total speakers 28 Million
Ranking 36
Dialects 4
Genetic
classification Indo-European
Italic
Romance
East Romance
Romanian
Official status
Official language Romania, Moldova, Serbia and Montenegro (Vojvodina)
Regulated by Academia Română
..... Click the link for more information. Ș (ș) seemingly resembles the Turkish s cedilla, but it is actually a comma

Punctuation marks
apostrophe (' )
parentheses ( ( ) ),
brackets ( [ ] ); ( ); ( < > )
colon ( : )
comma ( , )
dash ( ‒ ); ( - ); ( ?- ); ( ― )
ellipsis ( … ) ( ... )
exclamation mark ( ! ); ( ¡ ! )
full stop/period (
..... Click the link for more information. (Virgula). While it is common in online contexts (such as Wikipedia) to use Ş/ş and Ţ/ţ in writing Romanian, that is only because they look almost right and are much more widely supported in character sets. The orthographically correct characters are Ș/ș and Ț/ț (may not appear on your browser).

Unicode considers Romanian S with comma (Virgula) below to be a glyph variant of S with cedilla (compare Han unification, where similar-looking Chinese characters from various languages or countries were merged), and intends the same character to be used for Turkish s-cedilla and Romanian s-comma, and "t-cedilla" to be used for Romanian t-comma. Since no European language has a letter t with cedilla, the letter looks like a t with a comma in many fonts, suitable for writing Romanian. Only later (in version 3.0) did Unicode add separate code points for s with comma and t with comma; these points have the comment "Romania, when distinct comma below form is required", while the code points with cedilla have the comments "this character is used in both Turkish and Romanian data" and "a glyph variant with comma below is preferred for Romanian" (similar to how LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH CARON ď is marked "the form using apostrophe is preferred in typesetting").

It is, therefore, debatable whether Ş/ş and Ţ/ţ are "wrong"; if text is marked as being in the Romanian language, glyphs appropriate for Romanian should be chosen, similar to how language determines the glyph shape for a given Chinese/Japanese/Korean character (see at Han unification) or whether a mark above a vowel is more slanted (acute) or closer to vertical (Polish kreska).

The diacritics on the Latvian letters g, k, l, n, and formerly r are considered by some to be cedillas and others to be commas.

See also: ogonek