@hawkeye10,
Well, it all depends on the child doesn't it?
If you have a child who has experienced abandonment at some point in his or her life, they have totally different issues and responses to stimuli than a child who hasn't.
There will always be an insecurity there that is NOT there in children who have never experienced or known that they were 'abandoned' or given up by someone in his or her life.
Part of this behavior may be testing. Maybe it is to see exactly how far he can go with his disobedience and hurtful words before he will be abandoned again.
So the adult in the situation has to respond in such a way that the child learns that they will never abandon them- no matter how much misbehavior they exhibit.
And honestly - if my child needed to take a year OFF from school to preserve his or her mental health - so what? If they fail fourth grade - so WHAT- in the long run...because if you don't get this **** straightened out when they're eight or nine - you'll be dealing with HUGE problems when they're sixteen or seventeen, and on into adulthood.
School is not the be-all and end-all of a child's existence. For someone like Mo who has a history that is confusing and hurtful, there are other issues that are more important.
I adopted my daughter when she was four and a half months old. She never knew her birth family - and she's been in a secure family since then. But I can SEE her responses to things are different, VERY different from my son's, who is our biological child.
I would never hit a child who was already in pain. And this defiance, given his history, is probably a manifestation of his inner pain, confusion and frustration.
You cannot disregard what he has gone through.
And sometimes enforcing one's will on someone who already feels totally out of control is exactly the WRONG thing to do.