The time? What time? Does it mean "rate of accuracy"?
Context:
Later, they tried figuring out which brain signals represented each of the 10 words. When they compared any two brain signals -- such as those generated when the man said the words "yes" and "no" -- they were able to distinguish brain signals for each word 76 percent to 90 percent of the time.
Roughly, it means "of all the events". "76% of the time" means that 76% of the total number of tests showed the discussed result. It is always used in this format. You might see "half the time" or "most of the time".