1
   

Socialism (Moved from Grapes of Wrath)

 
 
Mr Fight the Power
 
  1  
Reply Sat 1 Aug, 2009 02:17 pm
@RDRDRD1,
RDRDRD1;80590 wrote:
I am significantly at odds with you on taxation. While I abhore the regular wasting of tax revenues I believe that taxes are the glue that holds our societies together.

I am a retired professional, the first on either side of my parents' families to complete a graduate degree. During my high-income earning years I chose to have nothing to do with tax shelters and other avoidance schemes popular with so many of my contemporaries. My reasoning was simple and, to me at least, convincing. The taxpaying public had largely footed the bill for my elementary, secondary, undergraduate and graduate school education. My contribution was relatively minor. All those white collar and blue collar workers made it possible for me to achieve a very comfortable station in life. It was my obligation to repay that out of the bounty I enjoyed.

I looked at it this way. I might have been able to shave tens, even scores of thousands of dollars of taxes from my assessment, year after year, but the government would simply place my tax obligation on the shoulders of others who didn't have the means to afford the tax advisors and elaborate schemes to do likewise. In other words, not only would these taxpayers have funded my education but I would be repaying them by shifting my tax obligation onto their shoulders. What person of conscience could do that?

Every once in a while the subject of tax shelters would come up in conversation and it led to a lot of boastfulness about the cleverness of this scheme or that. I learned quickly enough to just keep my mouth shut because explaining my position merely made others uncomfortable, sometimes a bit hostile.

Over the decades I know I paid many times more into the treasury than was ever paid out on my behalf but it was really never much more than a fair return on the investment made in me.


Now see, I am appreciative of your sense of social obligation. This post is not really a support of taxation, but a support of justice. I have no problem with this, I would just point out that you are certainly not the norm. Taxation and government services have long served as a get out of free card for those who really don't give two bits for social justice.
0 Replies
 
Zetetic11235
 
  1  
Reply Sat 1 Aug, 2009 02:26 pm
@RDRDRD1,
This thread in actuality has no real defined point by the OP, so anything even tangentially related to socialism is technically fair game. That being said, the OP appears to view Socialism as negative, meriting the discussion of possible alternatives which makes central to the discussion the weighing of other systems in comparison to socialism.

I have already made the suggestion that tort reform might be a better place to start for public health than Universal Healthcare. Would you care to comment on that specific suggestion?

I still fail to see why it would not be the case that shrinking large social programs so that they can be more adaptive by relegating them to the states or provinces is a poor idea. Why would this not cut back on the level of inefficiency and unneeded bureaucracy? It seems to me that only adaptivity and efficiency can follow from allowing the states or provinces to manage their own unique problems. The federal government simply cannot be as adaptive as a state government. I think that many federal laws seem a bit unnecessary, and seem to be better suited to be relegated to the individual states.

Why do you view this so disparagingly? It is not as if the states or provinces would be free agents, and I doubt that it would actually be the case that the states would become hostile to each other simply on the basis of differing policy. I think you have probably misinterpreted what I have said, if you could reveal the details of your reasoning I think that we could get somewhere with this.

I am having quite a bit of difficulty understanding what you are even trying to argue here, what is your position?
Mr Fight the Power
 
  1  
Reply Sat 1 Aug, 2009 02:27 pm
@RDRDRD1,
RDRDRD1;80774 wrote:
This thread is directed to socialism, an established and widely practised political philosophy. It seems some want to transform that into a discussion of anarchism, minarchism or libertarianism which fall into the realm of hypothetical political modeling.

We have been presented with a few core principles on which these hypothetical political structures would be organized but, to treat them as feasible, it seems a lot of gaps and contradictions are inevitably glossed over.

If we're going to treat these models as viable it begs the question "can we get there from here?" How would we go about dismantling our current governmental systems? What would have to go and how would it be replaced? As existing government responsibilities and powers were shed, who would step in to occupy the vacuum and how does that new power entity operate? How do we regulate it and protect the most vulnerable from its predations? Let's pick a few areas. Medicare, perhaps? Food and drug safety? Environmental standards and labor laws? I hope the answer isn't going to be "oh we'll simply devolve those powers and responsibilities to the next lowest tier." That sounds a lot like chasing one's own tail.


Agorism


In a market anarchist society, law and security will be provided by market institutions, not political institutions. Agorists recognize, therefore, that those institutions can not develop through political reform. Instead, they will come about as a result of market processes.

As government is banditry, revolution culminates in the suppression of government by market providers of security and law. Market demand for such service providers is what will lead to their emergence. Development of that demand will come from economic growth in the sector of the economy that explicitly shuns state involvement (and therefore can not turn to the state in its role as monopoly provider of security and law). That sector of the economy is the counter-economy - black and grey markets.


-Brad Spangler

---------- Post added 08-01-2009 at 04:36 PM ----------

The questioning of democracy is extremely important to any thread about state socialism. Socialists tend to argue that instituting socialism through the state is in large part justified if done democratically.
xris
 
  1  
Reply Sat 1 Aug, 2009 03:17 pm
@Mr Fight the Power,
Many presumptions and lots of rhetoric.Who has decided that socialism has not got the support of the majority of posters and what significance does that infer.It has been turned from attacking socialism into recommending an untried structure of a loose association of private security firms and friendly cooperation.I have to admit this system proposed sounds like letting the maniacs take control of the hospital.How would this ideal ungoverned society make the bad guys toe the common good?
Zetetic11235
 
  1  
Reply Sat 1 Aug, 2009 03:56 pm
@xris,
Xris, you do realize that OP means Original Poster (EmperorNero)?

I think that a couple of questions need to be answered: Do you think that were it not mandatory to pay into Public Health Services, but there were some kind of mechanism to do so (charity) that enough people would pay in to it willingly? If so, why is it necessary to make it mandatory to pay in?

If not, is it Just to force people to pay into it?

Supplementary questions: If people at the top can make those lower down shoulder the weight of payment, how can we reform this? Why is it that the U.S. tax code invariably grows even in the light of numerous revision attempts? How can the tax code be made to be more manageable?
0 Replies
 
RDRDRD1
 
  1  
Reply Sat 1 Aug, 2009 06:37 pm
@EmperorNero,
Yes, on the open and active thread devoted to universal healthcare I have expressed my support for a degree of tort reform to bring the American system into line with the rest of the Western world. That is based on truly compensatory damages, for actual future losses, plus a capped sum for pain and suffering. Of course it's juries of lay citizens, not lawyers or judges, who award these massive judgments so I guess having the state "oppress" them is appropriate.

Leaving aside the issue of socialism entirely, I believe some effective system of tort reform is a prerequisite to adoption of universal healthcare.

The concept of market providing security and law is fascinating. The idea of someone "owning" the law and "owning" law enforcement is positively medieval. Rest assured, if you own the courts you own the law and, having secured that incredible advantage, you'll use every ounce of its power to retain it in perpetuity. With a bit of time and any luck, maybe the owner will manage to reinstate the right to deflower virgins on their wedding night.

Who needs governments that are at least somewhat accountable to us every four or five years when we can be ruled by unelected corporations that administer law and security? Corporations would never dream of putting their own interests ahead of the public's would they? What's that you're driving? A Pinto?

I find curious your concept of revolution. Revolutions, whether British, French, American, Cuban or Russian, tend to follow a remarkably similar pattern. For a corporatist revolution, the movement would have to be effected by just whom? Revolutions are typically fomented by a middle class movement, dissidents who seek to replace the existing order with their own. How does one get these revolutionaries to oust the existing power structure only to hand over its powers to corporate entities? Unless the public chose to adopt a minimalist government system with powers and responsibilities surrendered to the private sector, surely the only way that could be accomplished would be via a truly oppressive, totalitarian takeover.

My question again - can we really get there from here?
Mr Fight the Power
 
  1  
Reply Sat 1 Aug, 2009 08:53 pm
@RDRDRD1,
RDRDRD1;80842 wrote:
Yes, on the open and active thread devoted to universal healthcare I have expressed my support for a degree of tort reform to bring the American system into line with the rest of the Western world. That is based on truly compensatory damages, for actual future losses, plus a capped sum for pain and suffering. Of course it's juries of lay citizens, not lawyers or judges, who award these massive judgments so I guess having the state "oppress" them is appropriate.

Leaving aside the issue of socialism entirely, I believe some effective system of tort reform is a prerequisite to adoption of universal healthcare.

The concept of market providing security and law is fascinating. The idea of someone "owning" the law and "owning" law enforcement is positively medieval. Rest assured, if you own the courts you own the law and, having secured that incredible advantage, you'll use every ounce of its power to retain it in perpetuity. With a bit of time and any luck, maybe the owner will manage to reinstate the right to deflower virgins on their wedding night.

Who needs governments that are at least somewhat accountable to us every four or five years when we can be ruled by unelected corporations that administer law and security? Corporations would never dream of putting their own interests ahead of the public's would they? What's that you're driving? A Pinto?

I find curious your concept of revolution. Revolutions, whether British, French, American, Cuban or Russian, tend to follow a remarkably similar pattern. For a corporatist revolution, the movement would have to be effected by just whom? Revolutions are typically fomented by a middle class movement, dissidents who seek to replace the existing order with their own. How does one get these revolutionaries to oust the existing power structure only to hand over its powers to corporate entities? Unless the public chose to adopt a minimalist government system with powers and responsibilities surrendered to the private sector, surely the only way that could be accomplished would be via a truly oppressive, totalitarian takeover.

My question again - can we really get there from here?


It is important to note that medieval peasants were actually more litigious than modern day the modern day working class is. Medieval Iceland sustained an entirely private legal system for three hundred years, and during this time were very free in comparison to its monarchical peers.

I also do not support corporatist provision of law and defense. I think corporations are generally the result of monetary and legal policies put forward by our government. They are subsidized by the fed and the government and without that support would struggle to exist.

There is some excellent revisionist history to look into if you want to look at the spread of government as an attempt to enforce stratification within societies and to create dependent classes.
0 Replies
 
EmperorNero
 
  1  
Reply Sun 2 Aug, 2009 03:15 am
@Zetetic11235,
RDRDRD1;80774 wrote:
This thread is directed to socialism, an established and widely practised political philosophy. It seems some want to transform that into a discussion of anarchism, minarchism or libertarianism which fall into the realm of hypothetical political modeling.
Zetetic11235;80796 wrote:
This thread in actuality has no real defined point by the OP, so anything even tangentially related to socialism is technically fair game.


The first post of this thread was a comment to a book review.
Grapes of Wrath
From which somewhat of a long debate on politics between me and xris developed and was moved to it's own thread.

Feel free to debate all aspects of collectivism, it's consequences or tangentially related general modern day politics which in my opinion is humanities final move from individual freedom to authoritarianist collectivism.

I still read all posts and jump in when I want to comment.
Mr Fight the Power
 
  1  
Reply Sun 2 Aug, 2009 08:52 am
@EmperorNero,
Medieval_Lives-01-The_Peasant.avi

I don't wish to endorse feudalism, but this documentary by Terry Jones describes the lives of feudal peasants and often compares that to the lives of the modern day working class.

It goes a long way towards exposing just how brainwashed we are by the ideological hegemony of the benefits of modern democracy.
RDRDRD1
 
  1  
Reply Sun 2 Aug, 2009 09:56 am
@EmperorNero,
Yes, utterly delightful - famine, plague, revolt, massacre and, of course, pottage. Sounds like we have indeed been brainwashed.

And yes, medieval serfs did work for their masters but half the number of days we do today in order to pay our taxes but what did they get in return? The right to eek out a subsistance living until they were overtaken by some calamity whether famine, plague, accident or the ravages of old age. The ex-Python didn't dwell on what fate befell the serfs when, inevitably, they fell through the rather wide cracks beneath their feet.

Brainwashed? No, I don't think so.
Mr Fight the Power
 
  1  
Reply Sun 2 Aug, 2009 10:27 am
@RDRDRD1,
RDRDRD1;80935 wrote:
Yes, utterly delightful - famine, plague, revolt, massacre and, of course, pottage. Sounds like we have been brainwashed.


Did you watch the video?

They also worked far less for the state, they had a greater deal of autonomy over their lives, and they were generally legal experts.

They had a couple centuries of generally autonomous community self-rule sandwiched by the state instituting heinous rules upon them.

I just want to point out that our wonderful modern democracy in the US is only 130 years removed our last horrific revolt and massacre and 70 years removed from our last great famine and drought.

And pottage and plague are signs of the times, not symptoms of government.
0 Replies
 
Zetetic11235
 
  1  
Reply Sun 2 Aug, 2009 10:41 am
@RDRDRD1,
RDRDRD1;80590 wrote:

I am a retired professional, the first on either side of my parents' families to complete a graduate degree. During my high-income earning years I chose to have nothing to do with tax shelters and other avoidance schemes popular with so many of my contemporaries. My reasoning was simple and, to me at least, convincing. The taxpaying public had largely footed the bill for my elementary, secondary, undergraduate and graduate school education. My contribution was relatively minor. All those white collar and blue collar workers made it possible for me to achieve a very comfortable station in life. It was my obligation to repay that out of the bounty I enjoyed.

In other words, not only would these taxpayers have funded my education but I would be repaying them by shifting my tax obligation onto their shoulders. What person of conscience could do that?


Over the decades I know I paid many times more into the treasury than was ever paid out on my behalf but it was really never much more than a fair return on the investment made in me.


I just want to ask you this, because it strikes me as a glaring hole in your reasoning here(maybe it was just meant to be implicit or you didn't bother with explaining it): You do realize that the Tax Paying Body is not some static group, and that you are not necessarily paying them back so much as you are completing a cycle?

In the U.S. the top ten percent of earners pay 90% of the taxes, so in theory at least, the most well off have given you the most. Unless a large bulk of them have gone to the poor house (which is possible), I don't see how you are paying them back. It seems like the reality of the matter is that you reinvest in children for school and those down on their luck indiscriminately, so that you are not really necessarily paying anyone back, but rather deciding that the cycle of reinvestment is good because in your case you benefited greatly from it. It really seems to boil down more to charity than anything. Would you agree? If not, could you tell me why?
0 Replies
 
RDRDRD1
 
  1  
Reply Sun 2 Aug, 2009 10:42 am
@EmperorNero,
Yes I watched the video and found it highly entertaining. I really did enjoy it.

As I noted in the edit to my previous comment, Jones' account is hardly persuasive and is intended to be anything but a representative depiction of serfdom.

Autonomy over their lives? Only to the extent delegated to them by their masters out of convenience. Whatever autonomy they enjoyed was not held "as of right" but by indulgence of their masters. (curiously enough, we still incarcerate the criminally insane "at the pleasure of Her Majesty, the Queen").

To claim "they were generally legal experts" is to grossly overstate the case. Some, through the church, became marginally literate, enough for a few of them to be able to read what they required from the rolls.

And America endured a "great famine" just 70-years ago? A great famine clearly means a mass dying off through starvation. I'm not aware of such a cataclysm hitting America in the 30's or 40's - or ever for that matter. Please explain.

I thought I should add that, when our prairie farmers were hit by the drought known as the "Dirty Thirties," Canadian farmers and fishermen from the east donated masses of fruit and salted cod to the people of the west. Some farmers received so much salt cod that they wrote of tying them to their boots and using them as snowshoes.

---------- Post added 08-02-2009 at 10:03 AM ----------

Zetetic, you're right - I didn't actually repay those individual taxpayers who funded my education and so many other benefits. I merely replenished the fund out of which I had benefited, the federal and provincial treasuries. Perhaps I have a more encompassing view of my society.

I have heard that statistic about the top 10% paying 90% of American income taxes rather effectively demolished. As I understand it, most working class Americans pay little in actual income taxes but are taxed through payroll taxes instead. Once you hive off those payroll taxes (which, instead of being invested as promised, are instead taken into general revenue just like income tax revenues) you emerge with a very conveniently distorted depiction of the rich carrying the burden.

The growing gap between rich and poor in your country hasn't arisen out of income disparities as out of the way the rich now receive their wealth - capital investment. This is part and parcel of the FIRE economy that has brought so much unheaval to the United States. Bush, of course, moved to slash capital gains taxes and to shift that burden to income earners. By borrowing furiously the Bush government was able to pull this off and prevent the wage earning public from being visited with the consequences of this policy. Neat trick but it's like trying to defy gravity.
EmperorNero
 
  1  
Reply Sun 2 Aug, 2009 12:25 pm
@Mr Fight the Power,
Mr. Fight the Power;80922 wrote:
Medieval_Lives-01-The_Peasant.avi

I don't wish to endorse feudalism, but this documentary by Terry Jones describes the lives of feudal peasants and often compares that to the lives of the modern day working class.

It goes a long way towards exposing just how brainwashed we are by the ideological hegemony of the benefits of modern democracy.


That stuff is interesting.
0 Replies
 
Zetetic11235
 
  1  
Reply Sun 2 Aug, 2009 12:49 pm
@RDRDRD1,
RDRDRD1;80943 wrote:


I have heard that statistic about the top 10% paying 90% of American income taxes rather effectively demolished. As I understand it, most working class Americans pay little in actual income taxes but are taxed through payroll taxes instead. Once you hive off those payroll taxes (which, instead of being invested as promised, are instead taken into general revenue just like income tax revenues) you emerge with a very conveniently distorted depiction of the rich carrying the burden.

.


Could you provide a probable source (if you don't remember where you read it, you could make a guess and I'll try to find it) so I could try to find the data for this? It was my understanding that they include payroll taxes since it makes no sense not to include them, but I wouldn't be surprised if that is not the case, people tell half truths with slanted statistics all the time.
0 Replies
 
Mr Fight the Power
 
  1  
Reply Sun 2 Aug, 2009 01:37 pm
@RDRDRD1,
RDRDRD1;80943 wrote:
Autonomy over their lives? Only to the extent delegated to them by their masters out of convenience. Whatever autonomy they enjoyed was not held "as of right" but by indulgence of their masters. (curiously enough, we still incarcerate the criminally insane "at the pleasure of Her Majesty, the Queen").


I don't quite see the difference.

Perhaps the hierarchy is now a little more complex and convoluted, but I dare say that the working class today is afforded little more autonomy than what is "delegated to them by their masters out of convenience".

We work more out of the year to pay off our rulers, we are still at the beckon call of the state in times of war with little recourse, our entire economic lives are forced tribute to the wealthy banking elite, we are far more detached from the law-making structures.

I think if you distance yourself from the inconveniences caused by the technology of the time, you would find that the feudalistic structure is no more empowering than the modern liberal government structure to the lower classes.

I do love how I enter these conversations with people who take the leftist side and always end up being the radical leftist.

Quote:
To claim "they were generally legal experts" is to grossly overstate the case. Some, through the church, became marginally literate, enough for a few of them to be able to read what they required from the rolls.


They were legal experts because the law was administered in a very decentralized manner. As you saw, the great majority of legal proceedings was simplistic and handled at a community level. Now it is managed by a bureaucratic, centralized, and hazy structure that is largely unapproachable by the vast majority of the population.

Quote:
And America endured a "great famine" just 70-years ago? A great famine clearly means a mass dying off through starvation. I'm not aware of such a cataclysm hitting America in the 30's or 40's - or ever for that matter. Please explain.

I thought I should add that, when our prairie farmers were hit by the drought known as the "Dirty Thirties," Canadian farmers and fishermen from the east donated masses of fruit and salted cod to the people of the west. Some farmers received so much salt cod that they wrote of tying them to their boots and using them as snowshoes.
[/COLOR]

2.5 million people were displaced during the dust bowl, it permanently changed the demographics of the US, and it occurred for largely the same reason as the great famine in Europe. Place the scenario within the context of medieval life and technology and you have a disaster of epic proportions.
xris
 
  1  
Reply Sun 2 Aug, 2009 02:27 pm
@Mr Fight the Power,
This thread is becoming farcical,i have heard some far fetched reasoning before but this takes the biscuit.The serfs,slaves to you and me, of the feudal system had it as good as modern man in terms of representation and freedom..I cant really believe im reading such utter nonsense.
0 Replies
 
RDRDRD1
 
  1  
Reply Sun 2 Aug, 2009 03:43 pm
@EmperorNero,
MFTP, if you can't "see the difference" perhaps it's because you choose not to see. You have a pretty good grasp of the constitutionally enshrined (I believe the term Americans use is 'inalienable') rights and freedoms you and every other citizen of your land hold and cherish. What similar rights and freedoms do you think these serfs held? What was the feudal equivalent of freedom against unreasonable search and seizure or the right of free speech against the master's wishes or the right to bear arms against the master's wishes? What right protected them from being massacred by their masters after the Peasants' Revolt? To hold those who understand that distinction to be 'radical leftists' says a great deal. That's something you might care to reflect on.

Do you have any understanding of the formal judicial structure that existed during this era? I'm pretty sure there are some gaps in your knowledge on that one. The Saxons had a centralized system of laws and courts. The Normans brought in their own laws, modifying the system. There were courts of Common Law and courts of Equity (Chancery) and, prior to the Peasants' Revolt, the Star Chamber was added to the mix. These courts were hardly at the call of the peasantry even if they did manage to become marginally literate.

Finally, I don't mean to split hairs but a large number of people having and taking the opportunity to relocate to avoid famine does not a "great famine" make.

Zetetic, I decided to go right to the motherlode itself, the far-right American Enterprise Institute. They claim the top 10% pay the lion's share of income taxes and assert taht the bottom 50% pay but 3% of America's income tax revenue but even the AEI allows those figures don't include payroll taxes. It, of course, perpetuates the myth that those payroll taxes aren't income taxes at all because they go to pay for Social Security and Medicare when, in fact, they're actually pilfered into general revenues by a debt-addicted central government.

You might also recall that billionaire Warren Buffet recently declared that he actually pays a lower percentage of his income in taxes than does his secretary on her salary. From the Washington Post:

Warren E. Buffett was his usual folksy self Tuesday night at a fundraiser for Sen. Hillary Rodham Clinton (D-N.Y.) as he slammed a system that allows the very rich to pay taxes at a lower rate than the middle class.

Buffett cited himself, the third-richest person in the world, as an example.
Last year, Buffett said, he was taxed at 17.7 percent on his taxable income of more than $46 million. His receptionist was taxed at about 30 percent.

Buffett said that was despite the fact that he was not trying to avoid paying higher taxes. "I don't have a tax shelter," he said. And he challenged Congress and his audience to see what the people who "clean our offices" are taxed, to loud applause.
Mr Fight the Power
 
  1  
Reply Sun 2 Aug, 2009 06:27 pm
@RDRDRD1,
RDRDRD1;80985 wrote:
MFTP, if you can't "see the difference" perhaps it's because you choose not to see. You have a pretty good grasp of the constitutionally enshrined (I believe the term Americans use is 'inalienable') rights and freedoms you and every other citizen of your land hold and cherish. What similar rights and freedoms do you think these serfs held? What was the feudal equivalent of freedom against unreasonable search and seizure or the right of free speech against the master's wishes or the right to bear arms against the master's wishes? What right protected them from being massacred by their masters after the Peasants' Revolt? To hold those who understand that distinction to be 'radical leftists' says a great deal. That's something you might care to reflect on.


Inalienable rights is ludicrous. The US government has consistently appropriated land and property to the extent that it did not cause mass dissension. Taxation has steadily increased throughout the last century, and I would guarantee that if all of us got together and tried to figure it out, we still wouldn't have a clue where 75% of it goes. The Supreme Court has ruled that the government can appropriate land from private owners to bolster tax revenue. What rights are there to protect private property? The ones that the elite allow us to have.

It has been generations at least, perhaps it has always been, that the legislation and executive has been decided by a political machine guided by the wealthy elite. Congressional incumbents win 90% of the time. It is generally accepted that a vote for a third party or independent presidential candidate is a wasted vote. It is nearly impossible for a representative to actually come from the general public. Read Give Me Liberty to get a grasp on just how hard it is to make a political career without party connections.

As for rights against unreasonable search and seizure, you have apparently not been paying attention to all of the wars we have had over the past 60 years and all of the unjust intrusions from government have occurred because of it. American-Japanese Interment, Communist blacklisting, selective monitoring of mosques and Muslim-Americans, wiretapping, the list is a long one.

The right to bear arms question is laughable, as that is on its way out in most of the western world.

Finally, let us assume my radical libertarian brethren decide to take up arms in active resistance to taxation and police presence. What do you think the future would hold in store for us? My guess is that those who are forced to submit with bullets would ultimately disappear into the jumbled American prison system never to be seen again.


Oh, and I consider myself to be the radical leftist and generally radical leftists do see our modern liberal system as a another form of the oppressive hierarchical structures of times past. You are not a radical leftist, you are a complacent centrist.
EmperorNero
 
  1  
Reply Sun 2 Aug, 2009 08:10 pm
@Mr Fight the Power,
Mr. Fight the Power;80995 wrote:
Oh, and I consider myself to be the radical leftist


A radical leftist? Explain.
In my definition a leftist is a (sometimes unaware) supporter of the elites oppression.
0 Replies
 
 

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