@Didymos Thomas,
Thomas;
While you are correct about the banks preferring to avoid losing money, they got careless. With the invention of credit-default-swaps, the banks believed that there was no possibility of being harmed by defaults. Therefore, they did not maintain reserves of adequate size. It's not that the losses are that high,,,, it's that the reserves are too low. The ratio of assets to derrivatives at Merril-Lynch was 1.86% assets. Citi was marginally better at <3.5%>
That's why Citi just borrowed 7.8 billion at 11%!!! from Abu Dabai.
The Chinese government requires Chinese banks to maintain 15% reserves. The norm in the US used to be about 10%. Then it gradually fell to about 4-5% as bankers believed that risk was banished.
This site lists the major regulatory actions initiated in the '30s
http://www.fdic.gov/about/learn/learning/when/1930s.html
One of the most important banking laws was the Glass-Steagall act
http://www.investopedia.com/articles/03/071603.asp
After lobbying for 20 years, the banking industry got it repealed in 1999
Bush throws out banking laws;
http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE7D61E3BF93AA3575AC0A967958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all
The worst banking crash in the US history was the S&L crash brought on by irresponsible actions of the Federal Reserve. 1,000 S&Ls failed
http://arapaho.nsuok.edu/~cundiff/SavLoan.doc
Once again the FED is causing problems. Greenspan lowered interest rates too far. He said "with new technologies we can offer more products to more people" What he did was to loan money to people who could not pay it back. Not directly, of course, but the FED created so much money that the banks were forced to compete,,, so they offered loans to people who couldn't possibly qualify.
They did the same with credit cards. GOV went on a spending binge also. The combined US debt is 37 trillion dollars. I believe that the Kondratieff cycle of 56 years is partially dependent on people's failing memories. They forget why they wrote banking regulations. One of the main causes of the '29 crash was the "pools" They were susequently outlawed. With deregulation, they made their rebirth as Hedge funds.
The average ratio of debt to GDP in the US has been 160%. In 1929, it was 260%. It now stands at 370% The worldwide valus of derrivatives is 640 trillion dollars. This is <12> times the GDP. All fiat currencies have eventually failed. At the low point of the Roman empire, the previously pure gold coins were gradually reduced to 2% gold.
I find this all very interesting. It got it's modern start in the 17 century with the British banking system
http://www.rbs.com/about03.asp?id=ABOUT_US/OUR_HERITAGE/OUR_HISTORY/STORY_BANKING/BRITISH_BANKING
It was later "codified" by John maynard Keynes. Keynesian economics is the bible of most modern bankers and economists. The underlying fatal flaw in the system is that it requires unending growth. Real wages in the US started dropping after <1970>. Americans responded by having fewer children,,, smaller families. This ran counter to the needs of Keynesian economics so immigration was kicked into high gear.
This still wasn't adequate to produce the wealth that banking and GOV needed, so massive money creation and deficit spending were "institutionalised". The bubbles got bigger but the US economy couldn't sustain them. We packaged up junk mortages as AAA and sold them to foreigners to get their money. The whole world got on the derrivatives merry-go-round.
Meanwhile, in Austria, Ludwig von Misses founded a different school of economics. It did not agree with Keynesian economics. He predicted the fall of USSR and Japan <30> years ahead. The Keynesians said that they were a special exception. It remains to be seen.
http://www.mises.org/
It's one more page in the march of mankind. The only philisophical value that it has is that it shows that banks/people have to be protected from themselves.
"There is no means of avoiding the final collapse of a boom brought about by credit (debt) expansion. The alternative is only whether the crisis should come sooner as the result of a voluntary abandonment of further credit (debt) expansion, or later as a final and total catastrophe of the currency system involved."
--- Ludwig von Mises, Human Action (1949)