@Seed,
There is a great deal of self-serving hype in the wine producing and wine drinking universes. Recent blind tests have confirmed the lack of consistency and reproducability of the scoring and judgements of even well-known "experts".
However, most of us can reliably tell good wine from bad; what we like and what we don't like. The difficulty comes in distinguishing the good from the great, and there is a lot of hype and myth there - along with some real truth.
You like whites, better than reds - a not uncommon reaction for those just getting used to wine. My suggestion there (among American wines ) is to stick with Savingon Blanc. You generally get much better quality for the money than with more ubiquitous Chardonnays. There are many excellent, crisp & light, Savignon Blancs out there costing less than $15/bottle. If you want to really splurge, try a Duckhorn at about $40/bottle.
Over time most folks naturally develop a taste for reds. Among American varietals Merlot and Cabernet Sauvingon are dominant, though Zinfandels are often very good. Many like Pinot Noirs, which are lighter and different in character - I don't. With all of these wines some very good products are available for under $15/bottle (Try Bogle Cabernet or Merlot, for example).
In general I can reliably detect a difference in taste and quality between the average (say) $15 bottle of American red (or white) wine and one costing around $35/bottle. After that the "differences" become uncertain and often hard to detect. There are, exceptions and a few truly great wines out there, but very often the marginal return for the cost is very small.
The names for wines are confusing. In this country they are named after the variety of grapes used. In Europe wines are named after the region in which they are produced. Other countries use a combination of these systems and, increasingly, new contrived nanes are being used for some popular wines.
However, for all, the best rule is drink what you enjoy. Like many of life's pleasures the enjoyment of wine takes some persistence and exposure.