Mame wrote:Thank you - that makes sense... I have read about the deference shown to Lords and Kings, etc.... wonder when it was transferred to women, and why.
I suspect that it began fairly early on--if you want to suck up to the Boss, make nice with the Boss' wife, although not
too nice. None of these are attributes of Roman society, other than that slaves were not permitted to sit in the presence of free men and women. These customs derive from the Gothic age. However, it might be possible to pinpoint with a certain accuracy when it became stylish to show an elaborate courtesy to women. I don't say that this was origin, but this may have been when it became fashionable, and wide-spread:
Eleanor of Aquitaine inherited from her father nearly half of what is today France--in fact, her inheritance made her more wealthy and powerful than the King of France. So, when she was 15 and her father died, she was rather quickly married off by the King of France, Louis the fat, to his son, Louis the Young, who later became King Louis VII. Later, much later, disillusioned (she complained that she thought she was marrying a King, and instead married a monk), the marriage was annulled by the Pope (you can bet some money changed hands), and then she was married to Henry Plantagenet--who became King Henry II of England.
Eleanor was a "free spirit," and had a bad reputation with the French (the Aquitainians did not think of themselves as French, and tended to look down on the Franks--the French--as ill-bred German peasants. Despite their own German ancestry, they saw themselves as heritors of the courtly life of the old Roman Empire in the west. Their notion of morality was considerably different than that of the French, whom they saw as hag-ridden by priests and monks.
Eleanor found Louis boring (he was positively smitten with her, even though she embarrassed him with her dress and behavior), and spent a good deal of her time in Aquitaine, usually at court in Orleans, where many young nobles and knights vied for the attention of the most powerful woman in Europe, still a comely young woman. She encouraged poets to write about courtly love, and put it about that being a man at arms was not such a great accomplishment, but being a man at arms, and a poet, and a devoted servant of women--was a great accomplishment. The poet Bernart de Ventadorn became famous through her sponsorship, and he naturally wrote on subjects which interested and pleased Eleanor. The famous poetess of the middle ages, Marie de France, is also believed to have been patronized by Eleanor and King Henry.
The term chivalry comes from an old french word, chevalerie, which means "horsemanship." If you were going to be a successful man at arms, you had to be good with a horse. One of Eleanor's retainers, William Marshall, is considered to have been the greatest knight of his age (knights were the professional athletes of the day, and winning tournaments was an advertisement for those who were in hope of rich employment), and is on record for having won more than 500 formal, single combats and tournaments.
But in Eleanor's conception of courtly love, the accomplished knight must also be gently spoken, hopefully a poet, and always deferential to and considerate of "ladies" (remember, no maids, cooks or washerwomen). Eleanor was sufficiently sophisticated, stylish, young and beautiful that many women of high degree in Europe wished to imitate her--even if they secretly despised her for her "loose" ways. Within a very short period of time--and the evidence from the flourishing of poetry on the subject of courtly love is that it occurred within the decade between Eleanor's marriage and leaving with King Louis to go on crusade--the idea that chivalry also included good manners and respect for women spread very widely.
Of course, that does not mean that there were bores and brutes around, or that everyone in Europe was suddenly smitten with the idea. But the literature of France and England shows that the idea spread quickly and took root deeply in the popular imagination (at least the imagination of the literate, or those who could afford to pay someone to read to them). Chivalry came to mean good manners, as well as good horsemanship and military skills. These days, chivalry only retains the meaning of good manners, and respectful treatment of women.