@okie,
Okie- You are correct. Thank you for your heads up on the term--Social Justice meaning EQUALITY OF OUTCOME. The left prates about Equality and says that it is racism, racism, racism that is blocking good African-Americans and Hispanics from good jobs--such as partners in big law firms.
The FACTS given below show that African-Americans are not able to compete even with AFFIRMATIVE ACTION
Law Firms Still Lag in Minority Hiring
By: David Rubenstein and Jennifer Juarez Robles
The top echelon of Chicago's largest law firms are as white today as they were three years ago, according to a survey by The Chicago Reporter. Since 1987, the biggest, most influential firms have brought on 250 new partners, only five of them black, two Hispanic and two Asian. In other words, the firms have filled partner slots with 27 times more whites than minorities.
A more encouraging trend was found among the legal rank and file, the entry-level associates. While the total number of associates has increased by 16 percent, the number of minority associates has grown more than twice as fast, by 35 percent.
Other highlights of the survey, which was developed in part by journalism students at Roosevelt University, include:
There were 27 minority partners in early 1990, compared to 25 minorities at the same firms in 1988 and 24 in 1987. Blacks, Asians and Hispanics were stuck at 1.2 percent of all partners in each of the three years examined in the survey.
Sidley & Austin, the largest law office in Chicago, had one black partner. The number two and three largest firms, Mayer, Brown & Platt and Katten, Muchin & Zavis had none.
In 1989, there were only eight Hispanics among the roughly 2,000 partners in 21 of Chicago's largest firms. Among the top five firms in Chicago, there was only one Hispanic partner, at Mayer, Brown.
The number of minority associates climbed to 130 in 1990 from 96 in 1987.
Three firms - Katten, Muchin; Altheimer & Gray; and Seyfarth, Shaw, Fairweather & Geraldson - did not employ any Hispanic attorneys in the past three years. And two firms - Schiff, Hardin & Waite and Altheimer & Gray - did not hire any Asians.
While the total number of summer associates - minority and white - increased by 24 percent at 20 firms, the number of minorities in this category has nearly doubled since 1987. Summer associates are law school students who work as apprentices for the firm and may be offered jobs after graduation. Last summer, 73 minorities, including 47 blacks, worked for 20 of the large firms compared to 37 minorities, 24 blacks, at these firms in 1987.
Not one of Chicago's 25 biggest firms has an American Indian partner. There is one entry level Native American attorney, an associate at Sidley & Austin, the law firm with the most minority associates.
These statistics are based on surveys asking about minority representation from 1987 to 1989 that the Reporter sent to Chicago's 25 largest law firms, as ranked by Crain's Chicago Business Several of the firms did not respond or provided incomplete data, so the survey was augmented with minority hiring data from the Directory of Legal Employers, published by the National Association of Law Placement, a 19-year-old educational agency for those involved in legal recruiting.
Few Minority Graduates
Many of the firms surveyed said that the reason they do not hire more minorities is that there are too few highly qualified blacks and Hispanics.
"The law firms only want the cream of the crop, but there are fewer minority attorneys available at that level," said Steven H. Pugh, one of two black partners among 700 partners in 21 firms analyzed.
"If your experience as a law firm is to hire from the top 15 law schools in the nation and then only the top 25 percent of the class, you have just about taken minorities out of the picture," said Pugh of Chapman & Cutler. "I think you are only talking about a pool of 100 [minorities]. And all the law firms are going after that same number."
Indeed, American Bar Association (ABA) data show that for every minority who graduated from the nation's top 25 law schools in 1989, as ranked in US. News and World Report, there were six whites.
Closer to home, minorities were even less well-represented. There were 14 whites for every minority who graduated in 1989 from the three top-25 schools in Illinois: University of Chicago, Northwestern University and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Not only do few blacks and Hispanics attend big-name schools, they tend to have lower grades than their white counterparts, law firms complain.
While no data is available on students' grades by race, minorities' scores on the Law School Admission Test (LSAT), considered a reliable predictor of future law school performance, are 10 points lower than whites', according to the Law School Admission Council in Newton, Penn., which is affiliated with the group that oversees the LSAT. The mean for all test-takers is 32; the mean for minorities is 22 on a scale of 10 to 48.
Associate Dean Robert Clayton of Tulane University Law School explained the implications of LSAT data, using an example from the University of Chicago. In 1989 the average LSAT score for an entering freshman there was 44, and only 48 blacks out of 5,000-plus law school applicants score that high, said Clayton, a member of the council committee that compiled the figures.
"What that means is that you are introducing, based on your admission criteria, black and Hispanic students who are predicted to finish in the bottom 50 percent of the class," he said. And the higher the standards of the school, the further down in class rank minorities are likely to be.
****************************************************************