Setanta wrote:You are conflating the authority of canon courts with that of civil courts. Civil courts (and therefore the common law) only became concerned with the regulation of marriage when the abolition of established churches resulted in the perceived need for statutory control. William Blackstone, the great English jurist and commentator on the common law, stated that: "Law is the embodiment of the moral sentiment of the people." Nevertheless, his comment on marriage is simply a reference to the canon courts of the established, Episcopal church in England. It is only with the abolition of established churches in Europe and North America that statutory, secular control of marriage arises. The first secular regulation of marriage only appears in Europe with the promulgation of the Civil Code by Napoleon.
I'm fairly certain that you're mistaken here. I'm not talking about either canon law or civil law (napoleonic), but common law. Marriage law in the U.S. -- at least post revolutionary law -- has historically been a matter of common law/state law. Ecclesiastical courts may have had authority in England and the commonwealth beyond 1776 (I honestly don't know about that), but certainly not in the U.S, where they only have the authority to discipline their own clergy. Here, the regulation of marriage is and always has been the prerogative of the state and the common law.
In addition to common law, state statutory regulation dates back at least to 1706 -- way before the revolution -- when several states prohibited interracial marriage. See, e.g., Paul Finkelman,
The Crime of Color, 67 TUL. L. REV. 2063, 2064 (1993). Furthermore, federal statutory law on the subject dates back at least to the mid-19th century, including laws that tied citizenship to marriage.
Finally, Blackstone's vision of the law is a fun historical tidbit, but the law does not "embody" itself absent state action -- at least no modern scholar would conclude as much. So yes, marriage has absolutely been state regulated and enforced by the state since even
before the founding of this country.