Insubordination and mutiny: 'A Hanging Offense'
'A Hanging Offense'
With Buckner F. Melton, Jr.
Author
Friday, May 23, 2002; Noon ET
In "A Hanging Offense: The Strange Affair of the Warship Somers," author Buckner F. Melton recounts the story of the USS brig-of-war Somers and a disturbed midshipman who fomented a plan to kill the officers and turn the boat into a pirate ship. The incident culminated in an irregular, illegal and deadly decision: the ship's officers decided to hang the midshipman to quell a mutiny.
Melton was online Friday, May 23 at Noon ET, to discuss the book, the events aboard the USS Somers and nature and challenge of command at sea.
A transcript follows.
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Editor's Note: Washingtonpost.com moderators retain editorial control over Live Online discussions and choose the most relevant questions for guests and hosts; guests and hosts can decline to answer questions.
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washingtonpost.com: Buckner, thank you so much for joining us today. To start out, can you explain how you became acquainted with the events aboard the USS Somers and what you saw in the events that led you to believe it was a good subject for a book?
Buckner F. Melton, Jr.: I have been interested in maritime history for 30 years, but it wasn't until a friend of mine mentioned the Somers episode to me a few years ago that I thought it might make a good book. It has a lot of the ingredients of a classic maritime story -- isolation at sea, the moral dilemmas of command, mutiny, murder, legal thriller, conspiracy and a lot of other great elements. So I don't see how it could not make a great book!
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Washington, D.C.: Did you get cooperation from the Navy when you were researching this book?
Buckner F. Melton, Jr.: I didn't actually need to since most of the records are in the National Archives or otherwise accessible in the public domain. I got a lot of help from former Naval officers and the one or two times that I did approach the Navy, it was very helpful.
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Virginia: Are you primarily focused on military history?
Buckner F. Melton, Jr.: I do a lot with military and Naval history. From a national security/constitutional law point of view. My wife is the main military historian in the family, and I also learn a lot from her.
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Vienna, Va.: Is your book based on a real life story? If so, how long did it take you to do research and how did you come across the idea to write a book on this topic?
Buckner F. Melton, Jr.: It's all completely true and because I have the fortunate ability to be able to write and research quickly it only took about a year and a half from beginning the research to finishing the book.
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Washington, D.C.: When researching the book, did you find any parallels to the modern Navy?
Buckner F. Melton, Jr.: Yes indeed! The technology is different but a commanding officer is still a commanding officer and he often faces crucial moral questions. The biggest technological parallel lies probably with submarines because they tend to operate by themselves rather than as part of a fleet. And they tend to have poorer communications with land. And in these respects today's submarine in more like sailing ships of the 19th century than other ships.
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Arlington, Va.: Do you teach history or law?
Buckner F. Melton, Jr.: Technically I am a law professor, but if you ask me to describe myself professionally in one word it would be "historian." I teach both history and law and my history courses tend to have a lot of law while my law courses tend to have a lot of history.
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Washington, D.C.: In the U.S. Navy, what is the most recent case of mutiny or attempted mutiny?
Buckner F. Melton, Jr.: The one that I am most familiar with is a case of ammunition handlers -- I believe in San Francisco -- during World War II. I believe that most of them were African-American who were being asked to do a very dangerous job in ammunition loading and if I'm recalling correctly, there may have been an explosion that killed several people. Afterwards the ammo handlers were naturally very upset and resorted to a strike to attempt to get better working conditions and I believe it was successful. It wasn't exactly a mutiny, but it certainly could be seen as insubordination.
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Springfield, Va.: Is this the only mutiny in U.S. naval history?
Buckner F. Melton, Jr.: I think that it comes closest to being an outright mutiny of any event in the U.S. Navy. But there is a question as to whether this is in fact a mutiny. The commanding officer and many others claimed that it was and my own reading of the articles of war suggest that it probably meets the definition.
Since you had disobedience of orders of a superior officer and open threats against the life of that officer then I think the definition is satisfied. But I don't think you would find anything more extreme than this anywhere else in U.S. Naval history.
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Sacramento, Calif.: Wouldn't you say that the Somers was atypical as a mutiny? Historically haven't most mutinies been more along the lines of labor stikes such as the mutinies on the Kitty Hawk and the Constellation in 1972 in which commanders aren't killed and the mutineers don't actually seize command?
Buckner F. Melton, Jr.: The "mutinies" of the 20th century to tend to be more in the style of management/labor and you certainly see the enlisted men of earlier generations behaving this way for generally the same reasons as the more modern events. On the other hand, many earlier mutinies tended to be led by junior officers and they could in fact lead to bloodshed or removal of the captain from command. An excellent example of the later is of course The Bounty, which was led by a gentleman, Fletcher Christian. So I tend to think that Somers may be atypical of more modern episodes, but more in line with mutinies that occurred during the age of sail.
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Seattle, Wash.: When was the Somers incident? What was its historical context?
Buckner F. Melton, Jr.: The incident took place in 1842 in the U.S. Navy. On shore you had increasing "common man" democracy and greater hostility to special privilege, while in the Navy you still had the old aristocratic system that was a direct descendent of the the Royal Navy. I think that young Philip Spencer was getting mixed messages from a more egalitarian society and a system founded on obedience and discipline. So this is an excellent opportunity to see the conflict between a libertarian and democratic tradition that was emerging and a strongly aristocratic system that soon would exist only in a few places in American society -- most especially the military establishment.
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Spingfield, Va.: Is there a particular definition of a mutiny?
Buckner F. Melton, Jr.: My working definition of mutiny is "treason at sea" or "treason in the armed forces." It is a failure to honor ones duty to obey lawful authority of commanders appointed over one. Mutiny is particularly dangerous because an armed force must translate its commander's will into action as efficiently as possible and if anything calls the commander's judgment or authority into question this could be disastrous not only for that force but for the entire military establishment and consequently the nation.
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Washington, D.C.: How was Philip Spencer able to convince crewmembers to plot something as serious as killing the officers and becoming pirates? It seems fantastical. How long were they at sea before the plan was hatched?
Buckner F. Melton, Jr.: It is quite possible that Spencer didn't convince anyone to join him in his plot and that he was simply fantacizing. Nevertheless, conditions aboard a warship, especially an overcrowded, small warship such as Somers, were absolutely miserable. Sleeping arrangements, food, work schedules, and general hygeine would be completely unacceptable in any quarter of modern American society. Most of these sailors could never hope or aspire to anything better than this sort of existence, and so when a youngster supplies them with alcohol and tobacco free of charge and suggests a better way of life it is possible that some of these people may be seduced into believing the vision no matter how fanstastic that vision seems.
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Middleburg, Va.: How common was mutiny at that time -- both on official naval ships and merchant/shipping boats?
Buckner F. Melton, Jr.: There were often minor infractions of rules or the authority of non-commissioned officers. Often these infractions would lead to various punishments. The most famous of which was probably flogging. But an attempt to kill an officer and to take over an entire ship was a very rare matter indeed. This may well have been the only such occasion in the U.S. Navy when such a plot was seriously discussed.
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Silver Spring, Md.: Are you working on any new books? If not, any ideas you're kicking around?
Buckner F. Melton, Jr.: I am working on several new books, including a children's biography of Aaron Burr that will be out next year, a book of quotations of the founding fathers that should also be out in about a year, a history of the typhoon that struck Admiral Halsey's carrier task force in December 1944 and a biography of Robert E. Lee. But I'm a little bit backed up right now as you can probably tell from the above list, so the last two books may be a few years down the road.
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Washington, D.C.: I read on the flyleaf of the book that these events led to the founding of the U.S. Naval Academy. How?
Buckner F. Melton, Jr.: Prior to 1845 the term "midshipman" was quite literal. It referred to officers in training who slung their hammocks amidships. There was no formal school; midshipmen received only on-the-job training. This was in emulation of the Royal Navy system as opposed to the French Navy, which did have a Naval academy, but since the British won Naval battles, while the French tended to lose them we decided to go with the winning system.
The fact that Spencer was obviously completely unsuitable officer candidate material made American political leaders realize that we needed some sort of better system for selecting future Naval officers. As a result the Naval Academy was founded three years after the Somers affair.
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Vienna, Va.: The real problem is not so much ordinary sailors but in the traditionally inflexible Naval and Marine Corps chain of command... which, much more so than other branches of the service, has had stubborness, tunnel vision, a tendency to hide from reality, and manipulate events to try and conform to THEIR idea of the way things should be. This was especially evident during the rise of air power in the 1920's and 30's, with the dud-torpedo issue during World War II, and, more recently, with the terribly botched investigation of the turret explosion on the USS Iowa.
Buckner F. Melton, Jr.: I agree that the Navy, by its very nature, is a more insular branch of service than the other branches, and this was especially true in the age of sail. A military establishment by definition has to have a fairly high degree of organization and this is often difficult to work with. No institution is perfect and we have to realize that, but I would hope that all branches of the service are constantly trying to improve in every respect -- even though change can be hard.
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Buckner F. Melton, Jr.: I sure appreciate all of the questions. I have tried to make this book not merely good history but good reading because I don't think the two can be separated. I hope you all agree and that you will enjoy the book!