@Arella Mae,
The word "catholic" derives from that Greek root word, and it means universal. When an Orthodox Christian says that his or her church is "katholikos," he or she is simply asserting that it is the universal Christian church (and is denying that anyone who does not follow their liturgy and theology is correct--something which, of course, the Roman Catholic, Byzantine Catholic, Maronite Catholic and Syriac Catholic churches are inferentially saying). The rejection of papal authority came long after the Orthodox (eastern) and Roman (western) churches split over the issue of how to determine the date of Easter. The church in Constantinople, after Christianity became the official religion of the empire (which
did not happen when Constantine was Emperor, despite what modern Christians claim), did not recognize the Pope as the ultimate authority, but neither did they recognize any of the Orthodox Patriarchs. The Emperor was the head of their church (which was in line with ancient Roman practice, in which all civil officers also had a military function, and a function within the civic religion). There is no longer an Emperor, of course, but Christians in the middle east who do not recognize either the Pope or an Orthodox Patriarch are usually Byzantine Catholics. Although the modern church would never admit it, the authority of the Pope is based on the model of the Roman Emperors (who were in business until 1453), and much Roman Catholic liturgy and theology is based on the liturgy and theology as it developed in Constantinople.