georgeob1 wrote: . . . colonialism in the imperial tradition to be sure, but also very different from that of Great Britain. The French truly applied (imperfectly to be sure) the theory that all who chose to adopt French culture were French . . .
This is something which i find that very few Americans are aware of. France invaded Algeria on a rather flimsy pretext in 1830, and the war was very protracted and bloody--some estimates put the number of Algerines killed at one million, a substantial number in those times and in consideration of the relatively small French force. This was just about the first significant act of Louis Philippe, the so-called "Citizen King," although the pretext (an insult to the French consul) had been alleged by his Bourbon predecessor. Most of Europe paid little attention. The earlier Barbary wars were fought with Algerines, but against the Tripolitanians, too, and the first effort was centered on Tripoli, and not Algiers. But the wars against the Barbary pirates subsequent to the end of the War of 1812 and the defeat of Napoleon concentrated on Algiers, and the grievances of the United States particularly related to the Algerines, whom they definitively defeated in 1816.
So Europe took little notice of the French war in Algeria, and Louis Philippe's cronies installed their bourgeois clients as farms and small industrialists on the north coast of Algeria, and the Muslims and Jews of Algeria, who were not slaughtered outright, were driven into the interior to starve, if they could do no better. In 1848, on the eve of an unforeseen revolution, Algeria was incorporated into the French nation as three
départements, but this merely recognized the spread of French colonists.
Louis Philippe was overthrown in the 1848 revolution, and was succeeded by Louis Bonaparte, originally as President of the Repbulic, and then as the self-styled Napoleon III. His rule was even more banal and bourgeois than that of Louis Philippe, it that were actually possible, and as the fighting in Algeria had mostly died down, he paid little attention. In 1865, he offered French citizenship to any Algerine who would renounce
sharia law, which the Jews eagerly accepted, and which the Muslims renounced. This lead to a split among the then sizable Jewish population and the Muslims, as the Jews were seen to be nationalist traitors, and stooges of the French. Most Algerine Jews eventually emigrated.
However, Napoleon III was overthrown in 1870, and this leads to why all of this is germane. The Third Republic was a very different character of polity than anything which had come before in France. The members of the bourgeoisie who had not schemed with and profited from Louis Philippe and Napoleon III were quick to renounce any notion of monarchy or empire, and to at least superficially embrace the notion of the working class as their brethren. The army became the supreme, unsullied symbol of the nation, and educators became the vanguard of the reform of French society. This quickly lead to the adoption of the notion of
la mission civilizatrice--the civilizing mission--and it was first applied in Algeria, when Jews automatically became citizens, but Muslims were still required to renounce
sharia. But the principle more or less "came in on the ground" in the rest of the French colonial empire. Berbers of Morocco, blacks of Sénégal and the other west African colonies, the Vietnamese, Laotians and Cambodians--all of them were treated as French citizens, and it was determined to educate all the citizens of colonies as were the children of the French themselves. France became the
metropole, the beacon of civilization, learning and progress. The citizens of colonies were encouraged to strive toward emulation of the great civilized light of France, and encouraged to actually come to France to be educated or trained. Ho Chi Minh, for example, attended university in France, and in the United States at the expense of the French government, and joined the communist party in France.
It is appalling to me how ignorant Americans are of the world's history, and even more appalling in how they show it. Berbers of North Africa and black Africans of West Africa fought in their tens of thousands in colonial divisions in France in the 1914-18 war. French colonial troops landed in Italy with the United Nations army in the Second World War, and some later landed in the south of France in the invasion which was staged just after the Normandy invasion. Muslims and black Africans died in their thousands fighting in defense of France, and they began coming to live in France after 1870, in an ever increasing flow. Most of the Muslims of France are French citizens, most of them were born in France or in overseas departments in which they were considered French citizens by the French government, and by most of the French people (except for right-wingnut crackpots like Bardot). They
are French, many of them for several generations.