"There are so many archaeological sites in Iraq that it's like a dart game -- wherever you throw a dart, you'll hit a site," says Samuel Paley, an ancient Near East specialist and professor of classics at the University at Buffalo, State University of New York. "Frankly, at this point, wherever the war's soldiers move, they will be doing damage to archaeological terrain."
Iraq, with its archaeological sites and its world-class museums, possesses objects that provide some of the very first evidence of civilization -- including tablets on which writing was first recorded some 5,500 years ago. These tablets, documenting everything from commodities transfers to recipes, serve as a priceless mirror on the Sumerian, Akkadian and Babylonian empires.
"These written records give us a wonderful picture of the past that we couldn't acquire any other way," says Frank Hole, professor of anthropology at Yale University. "They constitute a treasure trove of history just lying in the ground, waiting to be excavated."
Several rich archaeological sites, such as at Tell al-Lahm near Ur, at Assur and at Nasiriya, could be especially vulnerable to war-related damage. Looting of Iraq's museums of irreplaceable objects also looms as a very real possibility.
"And remember that south of Baghdad, near today's village of Babylon, you'll find the remains of the ancient sites of the hanging gardens of Babylon and the remains of [Babylonian king] Nebuchadnezzar's palace," says Timothy Potts, director of the Kimbell Art Museum and a specialist in the art and archaeology of ancient Iraq. "I mean, if there is fighting in and around that, it would be unthinkably devastating."
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In the line of fire - Iraq's archaeological treasures