boomerang wrote:Now you've really got me thinking about taboo, Setanta, and how certain things are so ingrained in culture.
Lash brought up incest. It was probably pretty obvious to people how inbreeding screwed up your gene pool and didn't increase your wealth or circumstances so that one is pretty easy to understand.
In the wild, killing one's offspring is not so unusual.
I believe that the simple logic of survival would have lead to taboos. You could probably get away with incest for a while, but over a longer term, it will likely produce birth defects, some of which would be debilitating. In the longest term, one might cynically argue that defects would be bred out of the population, but that involves a rather simplistic view of how genetic factors cause and control innate "disease" conditions.
But i suspect that among the ancestors of the Europeans, the Persians and the Hindus (almost all of whom arose in central Asia just after the last ice age), the equation was much starker. There would be a certain lower limit of the number of healthy adults and children capable of labor (such as gathering, or helping to butcher hunted animals, or helping to cut up meat and dry it) which could be expected to survive in the "take no prisoners" environment of the periglacial steppes. Below that number, there would be insufficient labor resources available to hunt and gather the food which would need to be stored over the winter, as well as fuel (wood or bone to be burned), to assure survival. If incestuous practices were producing basically "useless" mouths, even exposing infants at birth because of obvious birth defects would not solve the problem, as the labor lost when an adult dies needs to be routinely replaced by new children. I suppose that over time, a group which habitually practiced incest would fall below the line in the equation at which the number of healthy individuals who can contribute labor are insufficient to produce all of the resources needed to survive the winter. In a case such as that, groups which practiced incest would probably just die out. It possible, then, that other groups might know of the failure of groups which allowed incest, and develop a taboo against it.
I believe that it is likely that most, perhaps even almost all groups of humans practiced the exposure of infants born with obvious defects. Nevertheless, several years ago, a paleolithic burial was found in the mountains of Italy of an adult woman, probably in her thirties, with a boy in adolescence, and the boy was crippled. So in that group, at least, the resources of the group were sufficient to support a child who had little prospect of making a meaningful contribution to group survival. Of course, basket weaving, flint knapping, the curing of hides and the making of garments could define a meaningful contribution, and a child who was crippled, but able to learn and practice a useful skill was not necessarily a useless mouth to be fed. Past a certain age, adults who were seriously injured, or debilitated by disease, probably faced death, and they might be exposed as well. A successful group could feed many mouths, but the mouths fed must be of individuals who were able to make a useful contribution to the group's survival.
The equation on the periglacial steppes was pretty harsh, and pretty abrupt. Below a certain limit, there would be insufficient labor available to produce the resources needed for the survival of the group through the winter to the next spring. But beyond that limit, a group could be relatively wealthy, in terms of the technology of those cultures. The upper limit of a viable group would be defined by the carrying capacity of the resources in the region in which the group hunted and gathered. A consistently successful group would be obliged at some point to divide, with a sufficiently large number of adults and healthy children going off to find another area in which to live. I would imagine that most taboos arise out of many generations of collected knowledge which told people, or at least suggested to their probably superstitious imaginations, that this or that practice represented a real and proximate threat to group survival.
As for killing one's offspring, i don't think that is that common "in the wild," if by that you mean among animals. Nature takes care of that, to the extent that among many species, newborns have to be prepared to stand up and move with the group shortly after birth--as in hours after birth. The offspring of horses and cattle and cervine species (i.e., various types of deer) have to be able to stand and follow their mothers within a day or two of birth. Any who could not would likely fall prey to predators. I only know of the killing of offspring in cases such as with wild canids (dogs, wolves, etc.), where only the alpha female is allowed to reproduce, and any female other than the alpha female who whelps is likely to see her offspring killed, or will be obliged to strike out on her own in the attempt to establish a new pack.