flushd wrote:The masculine characters are not all "beef" or "macho". They usually have an element of grace; which I have typically thought of as a feminine feature. Actually, a lot of the male characters in manga struck me as somewhat girly. Just goes to show !
... Just goes to show that you are reading Shojo or Josei manga, a genre primarily written for a female audience. Shonen manga portrays less characters who are drawn in bishounen (pretty-boy) style.
Not that your initial question wasn't valid or interesting, I just thought I'd adress the anime issue first.
Anyway, there are certain traits which are universal signs of femininity regardless of cultural values. These traits are the hormonal indicators of female fertility, including an absence of facial hair, pointy chin, high cheekbones, breasts, child-bearing hips and long legs. While cultural values can shift these slightly in certain directions these basic traits are coded into us at a genetic level and are pretty universal.
Likewise there are certain traits of masculinity which are rather universal. Wide shoulders, height, deep voice, flat chin, etc.
However in addition to these genetic values there are also a vast variety of cultural attitudes which vary wildly between different cultures.