@Adam Bing,
[SIZE="3"]Tooth Brushing between Medicine and Islam [/SIZE]
According to An-Nawawi(1), tooth brushing is the verb and the tool in which we use for this purpose is called tooth brush, or tooth stick "
miswaak". The Miswaak is a natural tool for brushing the teeth. It is taken from the roots and branches of particular desert trees (Its scientific name is Salvadora Persica). It differs from one region to another, but in Arabia and Asia it is taken from the Arak tree. This is the most famous variety, and is the kind that was used by the Prophet
What Prophet Mohammad (peace be upon him) told us about tooth brushing:
The Prophetic guidance:
The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) recommended Muslims to clean their teeth using a Miswaak every day; especially upon waking up, when performing ablution, before prayer, when reciting the Quran, before sleeping, when entering the house, and when the mouth has a foul odor.
There are many Prophetic narrations that talk about Miswaak. Following are some of them:
‘Aa'ishah related that the Prophet said: "Ten things are part of one’s natural disposition: Trimming the moustache, growing a beard, (using) the Miswaak, sniffing water, cutting the nails, washing hands, plucking armpits, shaving pubic hair, and conserving water." [Muslim]
Furthermore, he highlighted its importance, saying: "If it were not that it would create hardship for my people, I would have ordered them to use the Miswaak with every ablution and with every prayer." [Al-Bukhaari]
In sunnah it is mentioned that the prophet Mohammad (PBUH) used a tooth stick made of "al-araak" and the araak tree is from the araakic family which is always green. It grows in the hot areas in Aseer and Jeezan in Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Sudan, Goor Al-Saad (near Jerusalem), Yemen, South Africa and India. Fruits grow on this tree; tasty and eatable, when it becomes ripe the tooth stick is taken from its root and small bushes. Its scientific name is Salvadora Persica.
The miracle of sunnah (teachings of the prophet) in tooth brushing "siwaak":
An article written in a German magazine (No.4, 1961)(4) for the scientist Rodat, the chief of the germs institute in Rostok University" I read about the tooth stick that the Arab use as a tooth brush in a book written by a traveler who visited their country; he mentioned it in a sarcasm way, thinking that this action indicates retardation in these people who clean their teeth with a piece of wood in the 20th century, just then I thought maybe there is a scientific secret behind this wooden piece ! The chance came when a colleague in Sudan brought me a number of tooth sticks and I started my researches on them immediately, I crushed it, mixed it with water and put it on culture I realized it had the same effect as pencillin. If people used tooth brushes from hundred years, Muslims have used tooth sticks for more than 14 century.
In observing chemosynthesis for the araak tooth stick we will understand the reason behind the prophet choice which came from Allah, the laboratory researches confirm that the tooth stick, taken from al-araak, contains bog amounts of gall and it is an antiseptic substance which cleans and stops the ulemorrhagia and strengthen it, also the existence of Sinnigrin, a substance that has a very strong smell and taste which helps getting rid of germs (5).
The microscopy on the tooth stick results that there are silica crystals and acidosis calx which is useful in getting rid of stains and dental calculus. In addition, Dr.Tariq al-Korey (6) says that there is chloride with silica; these are substances that provide extra whitening, also a gummatous substance which covers the enamel and protects the teeth against cariosity.It is shown that vitamin C and amine trait the damages on the gum, and sulfuric substance that fights cariosity.
As the Arak tree is so well-known, and as it was the kind that the Prophet used, it has been scientifically studied. The following summarize the various discoveries regarding Miswaak.
[SIZE="2"]Health effects of Miswaak: [/SIZE]
Physically, the Miswaak is a natural toothbrush. It is composed of a compact group of minute natural fibers that perform exactly the same function as a normal toothbrush except that it is made of natural rather than plastic fibers. For this reason it may be more gentle on the gums.
Miswaak's natural toothpaste is made up of many substances that are important for cleaning teeth. Many researchers have studied the Miswaak in depth, and have proven that Miswaak contains over ten different natural chemical compounds considered essential for good oral and dental hygiene.
They are: fluoride, silica, tannic acid, resins, alkaloids (salvadorine), volatile oils (sinigrin), sulfur vitamin C, sodium bicarbonate, chlorides, calcium, benzylisothiocyanate (BIT), and others including salicylic acids, sterols, trimethylamine, saponins, flavenoids.
Some of these components are stain removers and teeth whiteners, some protect teeth against caries, some are bactericidal and antiseptic, some help in healing and to repair tissues, some promote remineralization (building) of tooth enamel, and some give the pleasant taste and smell.
Cytotoxicity:
Results of cytotoxictests showed no cytotoxic (cell damaging) effects from using freshly cut Miswaak. However, the same plant used 24 hours after cutting did contain harmful components. Based on these findings, researchers recommend cutting the used portion of the Miswaak after it has been used for a day and preparing a fresh part.
Scientific comparison between Miswaak and toothbrushes:
A clinical trial study on Ethiopian schoolchildren, comparing Miswaak with the conventional toothbrush, found Miswaak to be as effective as the toothbrush in removing oral deposits. The study also found instruction and supervision to be important since the children in the sample were not familiar with techniques for using Miswaak.
How to use Miswaak:
The method of preparing a Miswaak for use is to cut a branch or root of the Arak tree into pieces between 10 cm and 20cm in length, and between 4mm and 14mm in diameter. Occasionally some are thicker than this.
Fresh Miswaak is brown in color, with a hot, pleasant taste. People usually strip off some of the Miswaak's thin bark from one end, then chew that end a little to separate the fibers so that they become like the fibers of a normal toothbrush. They then use it to brush their teeth.
Length and diameter:
A length of 15cm is recommended, which is convenient to grip, and easy to manipulate in a confined space. The diameter is normally less than 1 centimeter, which provides a supple stick firm enough to transmit the pressure of the cleansing action to the teeth without breaking.
Freshness: Miswaak should be freshly cut so that it is supple, easily chewed, and still rich in active constituents. The root should be whitish-brown in color; a dark brown color indicates that the Miswaak is no longer fresh.
If a stick is dry, the end for chewing should initially be soaked in fresh water for 24 hours. It should be noted that soaking for unduly long periods causes loss of active constituents and diminishes the therapeutic properties, although the mechanical effects on the teeth can still occur.
The end: Before Miswaak is used, the end should be washed with water. It is then chewed repeatedly until the fibers stand out like the bristles of a toothbrush. These fibers should be trimmed every 24 hours.
When to use Miswaak:
In general, the Miswaak should be used a minimum of five times a day (i.e. before each prayer). However it is recommended to use it all the time, whenever possible.
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Reference: Islamic medicine p4 by Dr.Mohammad Nezar al Dagr
The sources:
(1) Imam an- Nawawi"Al mjmw shreh al thzeeb"
(2) Imam ibin Kayyam al Jawsiya".Zad al maad mn hdee keraleibad"
(3) Dr. Abdu al R'a zag Kelani" Medical facts in Islam"
(4) Dr.Gayath al Ahmad "The prophet medicine in modern science"
(5) Dr. abu Hthaifa Ibrahim Mohammad" The importance of tooth
brushing and how it is used" Tanta
(6) Dr.Tariq al- Korey, an article about tooth brushing in Clinical
Preventive Dentistry Magazine.