Untitled novel, chapter one draft. Need advice for editing

Imho you do need a "hook", some determining and structuring event(s) that justifies each word you choose and that justifies the writing of the whole thing from the beginning. Excellent form I think, but the flesh may need some bones. Just a thought.

I'd suggest, first and foremost, not to start a novel with "You're full of ****". It's just such a cliche that unless you're clearly going to make an ironic point about the phrase itself, I wouldn't even want to read on past that line -- because I'd expect the rest of the book to be filled with things like that.

Second, a philosophical novel or section in a novel should almost never have well-trod conversations about the philosophical topic. Dostoyevsky got away with it in Crime and Punishment, Camus in The Plague, Thomas Mann in The Magic Mountain, but these conversations were riddled with psychological insight and they were embedded within novels about personal transformation. The typical conversation about vegetarianism is dull, cliche unto itself, and you don't give any sense that your characters have any kind of investment in the topic.

Detailed physical descriptions as you've put are sort of antiquated techniques. Better to put one or two salient features and let the reader's mind fill in the rest. If someone is ugly, you can describe them as "plump and warty" but let the reader fill in what that means in terms of their hair color, limb length, etc. If someone has withered features with lines in their face, you can just say that but leave everything else out, including (and especially) some sort of connection between their facial features and their personality (kind of contrived).

Successful novels are usually about personal transformation, and the things that happen in the plot happen because of the decisions people make. This means that your concentration has to be on who they are and we chiefly know who they are through their conversation. Concentrate on conversations that are about interesting things, qualities that show us what people care about, whether they're consistent or inconsistent, rational or irrational or both, bitter or happy or indifferent, etc.