there's a dearth of famous female musicians, at least relative to the singers, although technically, Nina Simone is a pianist as well as singer, not to mention Diana Krall or even Blossom Dearie, but i'm sure we're looking for those best known as players, not singers. one obscure musician probably no one has heard of is Vi Redd, a pretty fair saxophonist i believe.
if i can go back to the original thread, one musician unfairly neglected here is the brilliant Bud Powell. he was as instrumental--pardon the pun--in establishing bebop in particular & modern jazz in general, as Dizzie Gillespie & Charlie Parker, and if he hadn't been subjected to shock therapy, he might have produced an even greater body of work. another tragic case was the brilliant--hate to repeat the adjective, but it's apt--trumpeter Clifford Brown, killed so young in a traffic accident.
there have been a few allusions to fusion in this thread, so i'll start out by acknowledging without apology that it produced some excellent music, as well as a lot of forgettable music, but that's true of most musical genres i would think. Miles Davis started it, as he started lots of things, and his <In a Silent Way> is still one of the best examples of fusion i think. I'd also highly recommend <Mysterious Traveller> by the premier fusion ensemble <Weather Report>. while Mysterious Traveller lacks the pyrotechnics of fretless electric bassist Jaco Pastorius, it has an outstanding collection of tracks, especially Josef Zawinul's one man acoustic tour-de-force <Jungle Book>
sorry the post is lengthy, but it's a topic dear to my heart.