Hi there HickoryS!!
Sozobe sent me here to help you out, but I'm not sure exactly what kind of information you are looking for.
A friend of mine from San Francisco just moved down to Brazil to teach english as a second language for a while and what he complains the most is that he's not being able to catch up on the Portuguese language as easily as he thought he would... He found that moving to Florianópolis was the best place for him to live while in Brazil - it's a very European like city infrastructural and cultural wise and relatively affordable. Not mentioning that it's located in the most developed area of the country, you wouldn't feel such a cultural shock as you would if you moved to the Northeast for example.
Brasilia is the Capital. I know some people who live there and it seems like there isn't much to do other than work. And also, it is a very expensive city to live in.
As far as immigration info, I'd call on of the Brazilian Consulates in the US to get help. There are people there who will be able to answer your questions accurately. It's safer this way.
As Sozobe mentioned, I hardly ever post on a2k now, so I'm sorry if I don't get to reply soon, but I hope I'm of any help with this post!
Good luck!