How to quickly and efficiently organize a kitchen in a new home?

How exciting!

Consider both current and future usage. If you do a lot of baking (for example), then you would most likely want the important stuff close at hand, such as canisters for flour, sugar, etc., a stand mixer, mixing bowls, cake plates, cookie sheets, rolling pin(s), muffin tins, that sort of thing.

If you're more of an outside grilling person, then consider the stuff you need, particularly if the kitchen is near the patio or wherever you'd be grilling. You'd want to be able to put your hands on bowls for marinading, cutting boards and knives, longer-handled barbecue tools like a spatula and a meat fork, and definitely a meat thermometer.

If stovetop cooking is more your speed, then the stuff you want close by would be pots and pans, spatulas, knives, cutting boards, canisters, etc.

By "close", I don't necessarily mean on the counter. I mean more like the closest cabinets.

And about what you like to do, if you don't have much in the way of tools already, or are coming out of a place where pretty much all you did was order in, a lot of tools will be overwhelming. If you're coming to this new kitchen with very little experience with cooking/baking tools, then go to a department store website (Amazon or Walmart is probably too broad for this) and fill out everything for a wedding registry. It doesn't matter what your relationship status really is. Don't spend any $$ unless you want to. The idea here is to look at their standard lists and get some inspiration. But if you can't recognize a tool, or can't see where you'd use it, or it would only be used for one thing, then don't bother with it.

Also, if it's not too late, get good flooring that's comfortable to stand on for long periods of time. And for God's sake, get a fire extinguisher you can use quickly and accurately, and install a smoke detector.