@markr,
The successor function is described at
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Successor_function
For N > 4
N = N-4 instances of the successor function, S(x), + 4 - sqrt(4) - sqrt(4).
For example:
5 = S(4) + 4 - sqrt(4) - sqrt(4)
6 = S(S(4)) + 4 - sqrt(4) - sqrt(4)
7 = S(S(S(4))) + 4 - sqrt(4) - sqrt(4)
We can go as high as we wish.
This points out what I think is a problem with this sort of puzzle. I'd rather see exactly what is permitted, with anything not listed being disallowed.