@medium-density,
Med wrote:Free will posits an uncaused cause, and decisions made in the absence of reasons or motivations or desires. This is why I say it is a non-starter.
So lets look at what the understanding has "traditionally" been regarding
determinism and
indeterminism. Determinism was taken to mean
hard determinism (like the clockwork universe).
The argument against free will being:
Take (hard) determinism as true, then all things are inevitable, therefore free will must not exist.
Take (hard) determinism as false, then randomness exists, an agent can't be responsible for random events, therefore free will must not exist.
This is a relatively cogent argument when the only two options on the table are
simple inevitability and
simple chance.
The reality libertarians (free will thinkers) require is
adequate determinism. Now let me try to explain why...
Let's look at the notions of
control,
agency, and
responsibility. These terms naturally have some personification biases, so what do they actually mean in less personal terms.
Control is a bit of an oversimplification in the world we seem to exist in. There are very few outcomes which can be traced to a single cause, this multifactor causation is presumably even more complex in a human brain with 200,000,000,000 neurons each of which is connected (directly or indirectly) to between 5,000 and 200,000 other neurons. This is just looking at neurons, still no accounting yet of glial cells, or other physiologic processes, or outside sensations, or environmental factors. We couldn't hope to point to some physical location in that system and say "Ah yes
that is the place that does the controlling." The influences are too overlapping, too complex, and most importantly non-heirarchical for that (some physical place) to be a locus of control.
An
agent is not simply something that does something. This would be just a tautology. An agent must do something and be said to be responsible for the action. Let's look at an dust particles in solution under a microscope (Brownian motion). The particles seems to follow a random walk.
[
See image below, it is distracting so that's why I put it at the bottom, in a separate post. The post can be thumbed up or thumbed down to hide or display it.]
What is responsible for the random walk? Are the dust particles agents? It seems quite obvious that they are not. Looking at the interactions all the "atoms" bounce randomly and the heavier dust is just jostled around by the other random movements. No one responsible, everyone random. (Also no control).
So finally, what do we want to be able to assign
responsibility? Well this gets back to the un-caused causes. We want to be able to point to something and say "In there decisions are made." We mean of course there is some nebulous place in the nebulous there that causes things without first being caused (at least this is what we mean when we take the homunculus view, the God of the gaps as I think you've described it). So what do we actually mean by decisions made? We don't want to just accept any old "decision" that would just be random output. We already have that "God" in quantum mechanical uncertainty. We seem to expect something else (getting to George's point on volition).
Not to cop out or build up suspense (I just need a little break from writing).
I will return to this, but in the meantime what would satisfy you as to the definition of "making a decision"?