9
   

Trick of the Language?

 
 
medium-density
 
  1  
Reply Fri 1 Mar, 2013 01:52 pm
@MattDavis,
Quote:
I get the impression that you feel as though human behavior is completely constrained. That there are ultimately no decisions to make, that we are trapped in doing whatever the (self+subconscious+environment) most "want's"/"has" to do.


Not quite my view. We do make decisions; we must exercise will to navigate the world. However, those decisions, since there always lurks a motivation which directly or indirectly influences them, are not made freely. I would also note that to distinguish between "the (self+subconscious+environment)" and whatever the rest of us is supposedly made of is the key mistake here. This is the ghost in the machine argument which I've never heard a reasonable account of.

Quote:
The only way this could even potentially be true is if you view time as completely linear and reversible. Not an arrow of time, but a time line. Deterministic and non-deterministic models of reality don't work that way. Deterministic models don't work that way due to entropy (among other things).
Non-deterministic models don't work that way because there is no "set in stone" future.


I can actually argue that free will doesn't exist without advocating determinism. In fact I have done so in this thread. Indeterminacy (I'm reliably informed) exists in many forms, as does unpredictability. Georgeob1 has been particularly assiduous in pointing this out. But as I've said, randomness is not equivalent to freedom.
medium-density
 
  1  
Reply Fri 1 Mar, 2013 01:57 pm
@georgeob1,
Quote:
Well I certainly agree with your acknowledgment of the several contradictions in that statement. However, one appears to overwhelm all the others, namely what agent is it that you believe determines the unfolding course of the universe?


I'm not sure I can parse your question. Does the universe require an agent in order to unfold?

Bear in mind that the statement you quoted was made to help explain a rather glib play on words. I don't commit myself to holding determinism as true in all cases, or even any. This discussion has underlined the prematurity of that position for me.
georgeob1
 
  1  
Reply Fri 1 Mar, 2013 02:04 pm
@medium-density,
medium-density wrote:

I can actually argue that free will doesn't exist without advocating determinism. In fact I have done so in this thread.
Perhaps you can, but offhand I can't see any basis on which you could actually do so, and didn't detect anything either meaningful or substantial about the matter in your earlier posts. Stating something isn't the same as posing a logical argument for it.
medium-density wrote:

Indeterminacy (I'm reliably informed) exists in many forms, as does unpredictability. Georgeob1 has been particularly assiduous in pointing this out. But as I've said, randomness is not equivalent to freedom.
Agreed. However science isn't able to distinguish between them, and that is the critical point with respect to proof. Your beliefs in determinism and materialism are just as arbitrary as are their opposites in theism and free will.
georgeob1
 
  1  
Reply Fri 1 Mar, 2013 02:06 pm
@medium-density,
medium-density wrote:

I'm not sure I can parse your question. Does the universe require an agent in order to unfold?


I believe it does for one who holds that everything that occurs is determined by external agents or causes.
dalehileman
 
  1  
Reply Fri 1 Mar, 2013 02:24 pm
@georgeob1,
Quote:
I'm not sure I can parse your question. Does the universe require an agent in order to unfold?
The Universe is an agent, so to speak, and unfolds in a sort of semiautomatic way through cause-and-effect (neither denying nor affirming determinism nor freewill)

I have to admit though, speaking of C&E, the idea of absolute determinism--that is where I somehow turn back time 24 hours then the new "present" is exactly the same as last time--is very hard for the Intuition (mine anyhow) to entertain

Quote:
I believe it does for one who holds that everything that occurs is determined by external agents or causes.
Forgive, Geo, but external to what

For instance do you mean some sort of immaterial spirit

Okay but it's dualism, but you know how confrontational, contradictory, and paradoxical that gets
0 Replies
 
MattDavis
 
  1  
Reply Fri 1 Mar, 2013 02:40 pm
@medium-density,
Med wrote:
This is the ghost in the machine argument which I've never heard a reasonable account of.

Deux ex machina regarding self, stems from a need to reconcile the conceptual framework of Descartes and Galileo (ie the clockwork universe).
This ghost is NOT something that is invoked since discarding the clockwork universe model (the timeline as I described it last post).
The clockwork universe model was dis-proven by both thermodynamics and general relativity.
The reason you haven't heard a reasonable account of deux ex machina is because it is a problem that no longer requires a solution, we don't live in a clockwork universe.
I think that perhaps you are confusing some poetic treatments of "ghost in the machine" like in popular books/movies. Lawnmower Man, The Matrix, Tron et al. That use of the term is a very loose and quasi-spiritual treatment of emergent behavior.
Med wrote:
However, those decisions, since there always lurks a motivation which directly or indirectly influences them, are not made freely.

I don't see how you infer from influence down to total constraint of behavior.
How does influence = non-freedom?
Med wrote:
I would also note that to distinguish between "the (self+subconscious+environment)" and whatever the rest of us is supposedly made of is the key mistake here.
I agree the localization problem is key to this discussion. I feel as though this is ground that we have already tried to cover, and which you did not want addressed. (The perspective issues surrounding deconstructionism.) That localization issue can only be discussed in terms of the reality as it is understood since after the understandings of thermodynamics (entropy ect.) and general relativity. This can be still be talked about in deterministic models (as opposed to deconstruction) which is where my cellular automata digression would lead.

You are basically asking us to talk René Descartes into an understanding of free will without his solution of deux ex machina.
Descartes didn't have our privileged position of he last 350 years of scientific data regarding the workings of our universe.
------------------------------------------------
I might also add that some of this understanding could actually have been reached by Descartes, without the need for empirical evidence, if he had access to computation engines and pursued a "mathematical" tract to his reasonings (we live in a pretty wonderful time right now) Very Happy
georgeob1
 
  1  
Reply Fri 1 Mar, 2013 02:47 pm
@medium-density,
medium-density wrote:

Bear in mind that the statement you quoted was made to help explain a rather glib play on words. I don't commit myself to holding determinism as true in all cases, or even any. This discussion has underlined the prematurity of that position for me.


This surprises me in that I had the very strong impression that the opposdite was true: i.e. that you argued forcefully for the postulated non-existence of free will, and the deterministic nature of all human volition.

I stand corrected, though I am a bit confused about your various meanings here.
0 Replies
 
medium-density
 
  1  
Reply Fri 1 Mar, 2013 05:32 pm
@georgeob1,
Quote:
Perhaps you can, but offhand I can't see any basis on which you could actually do so, and didn't detect anything either meaningful or substantial about the matter in your earlier posts. Stating something isn't the same as posing a logical argument for it.


Rather early on I said that I could happily argue without reference to determinsim, and I believe I have done this to a large extent.

Quote:
Agreed. However science isn't able to distinguish between them, and that is the critical point with respect to proof. Your beliefs in determinism and materialism are just as arbitrary as are their opposites in theism and free will.


That science may not be able to distinguish between randomness and freedom is an interesting point, one which almost makes me think I can claim victory on that basis alone. I believe one can say freedom under a microscope looks like randomness, but to say that randomness under a microscope (or perhaps a macroscope?) looks like freedom is a nonsense. Further, it's not clear to me that science has a concept of freedom. We certainly do, but the fact that no one has yet marshaled an argument to assert that science recognises or describes freedom on any level leads me to conclude that it doesn't exist, fundamentally.

And I have to add that (though it is tempting a whole other debate to say so) materialism cannot be as arbitrary as theism. (There's an example of stating something and not arguing for it; it'll have to do for now.)

Quote:
This surprises me in that I had the very strong impression that the opposdite was true: i.e. that you argued forcefully for the postulated non-existence of free will, and the deterministic nature of all human volition.


I may have argued from a deterministic position earlier on (I admit I don't have a strong recollection for that period), but the contributions of you and others have convinced me that such a position is unwise to hold.
0 Replies
 
medium-density
 
  1  
Reply Fri 1 Mar, 2013 06:04 pm
@MattDavis,
Quote:
The reason you haven't heard a reasonable account of deux ex machina is because it is a problem that no longer requires a solution, we don't live in a clockwork universe.
I think that perhaps you are confusing some poetic treatments of "ghost in the machine" like in popular books/movies. Lawnmower Man, The Matrix, Tron et al. That use of the term is a very loose and quasi-spiritual treatment of emergent behavior.


When I use the expression "ghost in the machine" I am referring to the unjustified leap that those who argue for the existence of free will make when discussing the human sphere. So in my mind (and in the context in which I'm used to encountering the expression) the machine is comprised of inheritance and upbringing (genes and environment). Neither of these do we author, originate, or otherwise decide upon. The ghost is the unknown quantity which has not been named here or elsewhere but which (in your mind seemingly) nevertheless accounts for free will.

Quote:
I don't see how you infer from influence down to total constraint of behavior.
How does influence = non-freedom?


Perhaps I should have used stronger language. What I'm arguing is that motivations cause behaviour. So to carry on the line of thought from above, our motivations arise from our personalities, which in turn are formed by genes and environment. In any one moment preceding a decision factors like class, politics, intelligence, body size, ethnicity, gender, sex etc, are acting upon us, guiding and shaping our very next move, and even longterm moves of the kind georgeob1 was talking about a short while ago. Why we choose one thing and not the other depends entirely on causes that either are explicable in the terms above, or are inexplicable- in which case how can you say they were freely made choices?
georgeob1
 
  1  
Reply Fri 1 Mar, 2013 07:48 pm
@medium-density,
medium-density wrote:

Perhaps I should have used stronger language. What I'm arguing is that motivations cause behaviour. So to carry on the line of thought from above, our motivations arise from our personalities, which in turn are formed by genes and environment. In any one moment preceding a decision factors like class, politics, intelligence, body size, ethnicity, gender, sex etc, are acting upon us, guiding and shaping our very next move, and even longterm moves of the kind georgeob1 was talking about a short while ago. Why we choose one thing and not the other depends entirely on causes that either are explicable in the terms above, or are inexplicable- in which case how can you say they were freely made choices?


OK so far, but how can you be sure that our motivations are entitirely devoid of independent acts of our will? Many of the examples I gave of diifficult choices and goals achieved do indeed appear to be the results of thoughtful choices that could easily have gone another way and indeed most often do.

Perhaps you have merely moved the issue here to an adjacent category.
MattDavis
 
  1  
Reply Fri 1 Mar, 2013 08:25 pm
@medium-density,
Quote:
What I'm arguing is that motivations cause behaviour. So to carry on the line of thought from above, our motivations arise from our personalities, which in turn are formed by genes and environment.

Here's that ever present causation creeping back in to haunt us. An understanding of causation is what is at the center of this dilemma. I will compose a more thoughtful response tomorrow, but in the meantime maybe consider what the difference between causation and influence is. Causation makes the tacit assumption of a locus of control (that locality issue again).
What would something have to have for you to consider it having agency? Is there any difference between subjective and objective reality?
medium-density
 
  1  
Reply Sat 2 Mar, 2013 04:43 am
@georgeob1,
Quote:
OK so far, but how can you be sure that our motivations are entitirely devoid of independent acts of our will? Many of the examples I gave of diifficult choices and goals achieved do indeed appear to be the results of thoughtful choices that could easily have gone another way and indeed most often do.

Perhaps you have merely moved the issue here to an adjacent category.


I'm reasonably sure of this because the phrase "independent acts of will" is a vacuous one when examined closely enough. What would it mean to make a decision based on an independent act of will? It would be a decision devoid of reason or purpose. We don't make these kinds of decisions; they don't exist.

What comprises a thoughtful choice? Is it based on a combination of personal factors of the kind I've previously described, along with social factors like familial and work obligations? In other words is there a reason, cause, or motivation for it? Or is it based on something else? If it's the former (and I can see no way around that conclusion) then the idea of an independent act of will, thoughtful volition, or free will must be rejected. Or else, you must describe what the something else could possibly be.

The fact that you call this suggested exception thoughtful choice is revealing. Thoughtful as in what? Deliberated over? As in considered? Over what do we deliberate? What is considered? Reasons, consequences, and motivations again. What is finally decided upon and why? We decide upon what seems to us to be the most favourable action based upon whatever desires are motivating us most strongly in that moment -and the internal components of what motivates us most strongly are engineered by genes and environment. All that leaves is the external, which again we do not control.

Free will posits an uncaused cause, and decisions made in the absence of reasons or motivations or desires. This is why I say it is a non-starter.
medium-density
 
  1  
Reply Sat 2 Mar, 2013 05:19 am
@MattDavis,
Quote:
Here's that ever present causation creeping back in to haunt us. An understanding of causation is what is at the center of this dilemma.


Yes I think that's right. I've just given the most elaborated picture yet of my argument in a reply to georgeob1, I hope that'll make where I'm coming from completely clear.

Quote:
What would something have to have for you to consider it having agency? Is there any difference between subjective and objective reality?


Not fully aware of what you're getting at with these... I suppose purpose is one prerequisite to labeling something as an agent.... as for subjectivism vs objectivism I will simply answer that I am a materialist. Science has shown us the differences between subjective experience and objective reality, most classically perhaps in the fact that solid objects are made up of empty space.

Or do you mean to discuss the idea of subjective reality? This seems to me to be a false association, subjective realities can't exist beyond their subjects, and even then must stand as illusions from an objective vantage.

...I anticipate the composition of your more thoughtful response Smile
MattDavis
 
  1  
Reply Sat 2 Mar, 2013 12:54 pm
@medium-density,
Med wrote:
Free will posits an uncaused cause, and decisions made in the absence of reasons or motivations or desires. This is why I say it is a non-starter.
So lets look at what the understanding has "traditionally" been regarding determinism and indeterminism. Determinism was taken to mean hard determinism (like the clockwork universe).

The argument against free will being:
Take (hard) determinism as true, then all things are inevitable, therefore free will must not exist.
Take (hard) determinism as false, then randomness exists, an agent can't be responsible for random events, therefore free will must not exist.

This is a relatively cogent argument when the only two options on the table are simple inevitability and simple chance.

The reality libertarians (free will thinkers) require is adequate determinism. Now let me try to explain why...
Let's look at the notions of control, agency, and responsibility. These terms naturally have some personification biases, so what do they actually mean in less personal terms.

Control is a bit of an oversimplification in the world we seem to exist in. There are very few outcomes which can be traced to a single cause, this multifactor causation is presumably even more complex in a human brain with 200,000,000,000 neurons each of which is connected (directly or indirectly) to between 5,000 and 200,000 other neurons. This is just looking at neurons, still no accounting yet of glial cells, or other physiologic processes, or outside sensations, or environmental factors. We couldn't hope to point to some physical location in that system and say "Ah yes that is the place that does the controlling." The influences are too overlapping, too complex, and most importantly non-heirarchical for that (some physical place) to be a locus of control.

An agent is not simply something that does something. This would be just a tautology. An agent must do something and be said to be responsible for the action. Let's look at an dust particles in solution under a microscope (Brownian motion). The particles seems to follow a random walk.
[See image below, it is distracting so that's why I put it at the bottom, in a separate post. The post can be thumbed up or thumbed down to hide or display it.]
What is responsible for the random walk? Are the dust particles agents? It seems quite obvious that they are not. Looking at the interactions all the "atoms" bounce randomly and the heavier dust is just jostled around by the other random movements. No one responsible, everyone random. (Also no control).

So finally, what do we want to be able to assign responsibility? Well this gets back to the un-caused causes. We want to be able to point to something and say "In there decisions are made." We mean of course there is some nebulous place in the nebulous there that causes things without first being caused (at least this is what we mean when we take the homunculus view, the God of the gaps as I think you've described it). So what do we actually mean by decisions made? We don't want to just accept any old "decision" that would just be random output. We already have that "God" in quantum mechanical uncertainty. We seem to expect something else (getting to George's point on volition).

Not to cop out or build up suspense (I just need a little break from writing).
I will return to this, but in the meantime what would satisfy you as to the definition of "making a decision"?
MattDavis
 
  1  
Reply Sat 2 Mar, 2013 12:57 pm
@MattDavis,
Distracting. Feel free to thumb up or down to display or hide. Very Happy
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Brownianmotion5particles150frame.gif/220px-Brownianmotion5particles150frame.gif
0 Replies
 
georgeob1
 
  1  
Reply Sat 2 Mar, 2013 01:54 pm
@medium-density,
medium-density wrote:

I'm reasonably sure of this because the phrase "independent acts of will" is a vacuous one when examined closely enough. What would it mean to make a decision based on an independent act of will? It would be a decision devoid of reason or purpose. We don't make these kinds of decisions; they don't exist.
I'll accept the criticism of my choice of words. I was referring to the act of choosing among generally acceptable alternatives .. i.e. a choice made when other generally satisfactory options are available; or, alternatively, of choosing a more difficult and challenging path as a means of achieving a distant or unlikely goal, also when less difficult paths are available. In such cases most of do indeed consider these as choices involving conscious volition

medium-density wrote:

What comprises a thoughtful choice? Is it based on a combination of personal factors of the kind I've previously described, along with social factors like familial and work obligations? In other words is there a reason, cause, or motivation for it? Or is it based on something else? If it's the former (and I can see no way around that conclusion) then the idea of an independent act of will, thoughtful volition, or free will must be rejected. Or else, you must describe what the something else could possibly be.
Equivalently in the absence of any scientific basis that we can do better than make low confidence statistical guesses about the central tendency of group behavior, you must also prove there can be no variable individual factor involved in such choices.

medium-density wrote:

The fact that you call this suggested exception thoughtful choice is revealing. Thoughtful as in what? Deliberated over? As in considered? Over what do we deliberate? What is considered? Reasons, consequences, and motivations again. What is finally decided upon and why? We decide upon what seems to us to be the most favourable action based upon whatever desires are motivating us most strongly in that moment -and the internal components of what motivates us most strongly are engineered by genes and environment. All that leaves is the external, which again we do not control.

Here you are merely evading the issue with a tautology.

medium-density wrote:

Free will posits an uncaused cause, and decisions made in the absence of reasons or motivations or desires. This is why I say it is a non-starter.
May I also conclude that you accept Thomas Aquinas' proof for the existence of an intelligent creator of the universe, which is based precisely on this argument?
medium-density
 
  1  
Reply Sat 2 Mar, 2013 04:29 pm
@georgeob1,
Quote:
I was referring to the act of choosing among generally acceptable alternatives .. i.e. a choice made when other generally satisfactory options are available; or, alternatively, of choosing a more difficult and challenging path as a means of achieving a distant or unlikely goal, also when less difficult paths are available. In such cases most of do indeed consider these as choices involving conscious volition


So when faced with a choice between more or less equivalently favourable options the one we end up going with was selected via the free exercise of our will? This seems like quite a pared-down and compromised definition of the concept, yet I still think it invalid. Most of the options that occur to us when dealing with a decision have their own causes or reasons for arising, and choosing among them will usually involve a pros and cons process that takes more or less time depending on the complexity of the decision, and the relative merits of each course of action. In those rare cases where we truly cannot settle on an obviously favourable course of action we often leave it to chance (coin toss), or gather in second opinions (ask for advice). Even in those especially rare cases when we cannot isolate a good reason for making a choice to one thing over another we tend to invent after-the-fact rationalisations for why we did it, since we all prefers answers and explicability to the slightly unsettling vacuum which would otherwise assert itself.

You really don't get around the problem by talking about short and longterm goals either. We commonly give in to the pleasures of the immediate, but not always. Where we don't we do so for good reasons, once again. Quitting smoking is a prime example of this, and there are countless others that could be pointed to. Even where the goal is unlikely to be achieved we can still negate the nearby satisfaction for the chance at some hoped-for subsequent boon; we all have our reasons but there's no need for them to be rational in order that they are acted upon. I myself make several decisions every day based on irrational reasons. Reasons are not the same as Reason, if you like.

Quote:
Equivalently in the absence of any scientific basis that we can do better than make low confidence statistical guesses about the central tendency of group behavior, you must also prove there can be no variable individual factor involved in such choices.


Here it seems you are suggesting that our positions are equivalent. While I cannot provide complete causational descriptions of human behaviour (indeed they are likely unprovideable), you cannot even begin to describe free-will based descriptions of human behaviour. Hence no equivalence.

Quote:
Here you are merely evading the issue with a tautology.


I think the reason you keep seeing tautologies in my replies is because this subject is quite tautologous. Free will, at bottom, has little or no content as a real-world concept. It's a non-starter. A non-argument. I still haven't heard a robust account of what freedom could mean in the context of decision-making.

Quote:
May I also conclude that you accept Thomas Aquinas' proof for the existence of an intelligent creator of the universe, which is based precisely on this argument?


Nifty footwork there Smile

However, no. A creative superbeing is not necessitated by the idea of cause and effect. Creative superbeings have been inserted into creation accounts by people who had a psychological need for one, i.e. almost all the people there ever were. Now we really are starting on another debate.
medium-density
 
  1  
Reply Sat 2 Mar, 2013 05:03 pm
@MattDavis,
It may be unfair to respond to what you say is an unfinished writing... nevertheless Smile

Quote:
This is a relatively cogent argument when the only two options on the table are simple inevitability and simple chance.


That's quite a good summary of the argument, but I wonder whether the word "inevitably" might be misplaced? It depends what you mean by it. I mean to address the common conflation of determinism with fatalism, though I don't think it likely you are making that mistake.

Quote:
The reality libertarians (free will thinkers) require is adequate determinism. Now let me try to explain why...
Let's look at the notions of control, agency, and responsibility. These terms naturally have some personification biases, so what do they actually mean in less personal terms.


I appreciate your outlining of the libertarian position on free will, having only been briefly acquainted with the deterministic and compatibalist perspectives up to now. However I still don't see any freedom in it, at least not coming from the notions of control, agency, and responsibility as you discuss them here. One at a time: control is complex; agency can be random; and responsibility is... you don't appear to specify, but it seems you want to explore the idea of what responsibility would mean in the absence of freedom?

Quote:
I will return to this, but in the meantime what would satisfy you as to the definition of "making a decision"?


Bringing deliberations as to the correct course of action to a close might not be a terrible definition of "making a decision". Weighing up the pros and cons and ultimately vouchsafing your trust in the option which seems most favourable at that particular instant, is a more convoluted but equally not-terrible definition. What are you getting at?
Cyracuz
 
  1  
Reply Mon 4 Mar, 2013 02:51 am
@Lustig Andrei,
Quote:
It seems to me that most philosophical questions these days -- and especially any that deal with what, for lack of a better word, we still call 'metaphysics' -- are about semantics rather than anything like ultimate reality.


I have thought the very same thing. But semantics is no small thing. So many "real" things in our lives are nothing but semantic ghosts, yet they affect us nonetheless. I'll try to give an example.

The OP talks about events that may or may not happen. In talking about such things, we are talking about both existence and non-existence (a problem in itself perhaps).
If you speak of an event that does not come to pass, what did you speak of? It never happened, so the event isn't real. Is it? Only the prediction of it, or the expectation of it happened. The thing itself never did.

When we consider this, we might realize that most of what we believe of the future is a matter of semantic ghosts that either manifest as reality or evaporate to nothingness. This in turn indicates to me that the debate along these lines isn't really ideal to clarify much.
medium-density
 
  1  
Reply Mon 4 Mar, 2013 04:28 am
@Cyracuz,
Quote:
If you speak of an event that does not come to pass, what did you speak of? It never happened, so the event isn't real. Is it? Only the prediction of it, or the expectation of it happened. The thing itself never did.

When we consider this, we might realize that most of what we believe of the future is a matter of semantic ghosts that either manifest as reality or evaporate to nothingness. This in turn indicates to me that the debate along these lines isn't really ideal to clarify much.


I agree and rather admire your phrasing. The original query of this post is based on a subjective impression I have when considering what belief in determinism means for interpreting how things occur, and the difference between how things look directly before an occurrence and directly after it. There seems to be something paradoxical in it, but this may only apply to our perception of it.

What you say about the future I particularly liked. It seems that the past has all the cards in terms of discussing the real, and the future is a travesty of a tense for these purposes. I never really expected a debate to emerge from the initial post -it was merely a rather queer thought that struck me. The resulting to and fro on free will however seems reasonably legitimate, and I hope it continues.
 

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