Researchers use short pulses of laser light to produce images of electrons leaving atoms and recorded what happened to within 100 attoseconds*.
* An attosecond is one quintillionth (10 to the power of minus 18) of a second.
To imagine how long this is, if 100 attoseconds is stretched so that it lasts one second, one second would last 300 million years on the same scale.
The Earth is constantly undergoing a deceleration caused by the braking action of the tides. Through the use of ancient observations of eclipses, it is possible to determine the average deceleration of the Earth to be roughly 1.4 milliseconds per day per century. This deceleration causes the Earth's rotational time to slow with respect to the atomic clock time.
Civil time is occasionally adjusted by one second increments to ensure that the difference between a uniform time scale defined by atomic clocks does not differ from the Earth's rotational time by more than 0.9 seconds. Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), an atomic time, is the basis for civil time.
Therefore, between adjustments atomic time will always differ from civil time. Heck, that's about a minute in a lifetime.