atomic structure and bonding

Hi Samanthasa, wow! What a question, I think you would be better served by posting in ?'Science'. However, with my very limited knowledge, I would say:


All normal matter consists of atoms, which are often joined together to form molecules. All atoms are made of three types of particle:

Positively charged protons
Uncharged neutrons
Negatively charged electrons

The protons and neutrons contain 99% of the mass of the atom.

All atoms with 13 protons (Z = 13) must be aluminium.

The basic equation for neutron production is exponential.

Nn = N0e(k - 1)n

If N0 = 1 and k - 1.693, then Nn = N0 e.693n = 2n (1)


This exponential equation generates the following data. Remember that the total number of neutrons produced at the time of a particular generation is the sum of all of the neutrons from all generations. Thus, in the 4th generation (n = 3), 15 neutrons have been produced.

Not a lot of people know that once freed from its home inside the nucleus of an atom, a neutron lives on average 886.8 seconds (about 14.8 minutes), plus or minus 3.4 seconds, according to recent measurements performed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology.

Aluminium has 13 electrons




Heat is not a substance but rather energy that can be gained or lost.
All matter is made up of very tiny individual atoms or molecules. The way these particles are arranged determine whether they are a solid liquid or gas In a liquid they are not bonded in a fixed position but they are very close together and allowed to slide past one another. In a gas they are spread far apart and not bonded at all. The vibrations, movements, and spacing of these particles determine the amount of thermal energy that a substance has.

O degrees Kelvin (-459 F) is absolute zero. This is the temperature at which there would no more kinetic energy in the particles thus, it would not have any temperature. If this substance was a gas it would also have 0 pressure because the molecules would not be moving. Kelvin is a useful scale because there are no negative numbers in Kelvin.

Heat is either measured in calories or joules. A calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree C. (1 calorie=4.18 J)
Whenever heat flows into out of a system, the gain or loss of thermal energy equals the amount of heat transfer
.
Formula for calculating the heat lost or gained must now contain three quantities. change in heat = (mass)( change in temp)(specific heat)

But, I expect you already knew that.

Sam, listen to what he say's, the man is a [size=7]geek[/size].

Busted again, Try.